Operation Sharp Guard

Operation Sharp Guard
Part of NATO intervention in Bosnia

NATO ships enforcing the blockade
Objective Blockade former Yugoslavia
Date 15 June 1993 – 2 October 1996
Executed by  NATO

Operation Sharp Guard was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia.[1][2][3][4] Warships and maritime patrol aircraft from 14 countries were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.

The operation began on 15 June 1993. It was suspended on 19 June 1996, and was terminated on 2 October 1996.

Background

HMCS Algonquin

The operation replaced naval blockades Operation Maritime Guard (of NATO; begun by the U.S. in November 1992) and Sharp Fence (of the WEU).[5] It put them under a single chain of command and control (the "Adriatic Military Committee", over which the NATO and WEU Councils exerted joint control), to address what their respective Councils viewed as wasteful duplication of effort.[1][2][6][7] Some maintain that despite the nominal official joint command and control of the operation, in reality it was NATO staff that ran the operation.[8][9]

Purpose

The operation's purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,[10] to enforce economic sanctions and an arms embargo of weapons and military equipment against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and rival factions in Croatia and Bosnia.[11][12][13] The Yugoslav Wars were being waged, and the participants hoped to limit the fighting by limiting supplies to it.

Blockade

Fourteen nations contributed ships and patrol aircraft to the operation. At any given time, 22 ships and 8 aircraft were enforcing the blockade, with ships from Standing Naval Force Atlantic and Standing Naval Force Mediterranean establishing a rotating duty.[14] (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the U.K., and the U.S.),[11] and eight maritime patrol aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.[2][15][16][17][18][19] Most contributors to the operation supplied one or two ships.[17] The Turkish Navy, for example, participated with frigates, submarines, and tankers.[20][21]

The operational area was divided into a series of "sea boxes", each the responsibility of a single warship.[11] Each boarding team was composed of a "guard team" to board and wrest control of the target ship, and a "search team", to conduct the search.[11]

The ships were authorized to board, inspect, and seize both ships seeking to break the blockade and their cargo.[22] The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.[2] It marked the first time since its founding in 1949 that NATO was involved in combat operations.[4]

Lido II incident

Type 22 frigate HMS Chatham

The issue of differing views among nations in the coalition as to the use of force authorized by rules of engagement arose in April 1994.[23] Faced with the Maltese tanker Lido II making its way towards Montenegrin port with 45,000 tons of fuel oil, a U.S. cruiser (USS Philippine Sea) asked the NATO commander (a British Commodore) for guidance, and received authorization to use "disabling fire" to stop the tanker, if necessary.[23] He received confirmation that he should follow the British commodore's guidance from his own higher authority.[23] Under U.S. Navy standards, "disabling fire" means firing rounds into the ship's engineering space. The U.S. cruiser was about to pass the order along to the Dutch Kortenaer-class frigate HMNLS Van Kinsbergen. However, the fact that the Dutch definition of "disabling fire" involves launching rounds into the bridge of the target ship, with an increased risk of loss of life, became important.[23] The ship was boarded by Dutch Marines inserted by helicopter from HMNLS Van Kinsbergen and eventually stopped without firing a shot on the first of May.[23] Three Yugoslav Navy Končar-class corvettes challenged the NATO operation and one of them tried to ram the British frigate HMS Chatham as it was assisting Van Kinsberger. The corvettes eventually fled following the reaction of the British warship, supported by Italian Tornado aircraft which scrambled from an airbase at Gioia Del Colle. Lido II had to undergo repairs before being diverted to Italy, since the crew had sabotaged the ship's engine room. The leaking was contained by an engineer party from HMS Chatham. Seven Yugoslav stowaways were found on board.[24][25]

Statistics

The "NATO and WEU forces challenged more than 73,000 ships, boarded and inspected almost 6,000 at sea, and diverted 1,500 suspect ships to ports for further inspection."[1][2][11] Of those, nearly a dozen vessels were found to be blockade runners, some carrying arms in violation of UN Security Council resolutions.[1][2] NATO officials said no ships were able to run the blockade successfully, and that the maritime blockade had a major effect in preventing escalation of the conflict.[2][26]

Suspension

HMS Nottingham

The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".[2] The Independent warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."[2]

Applicable UN resolutions

The blockade was conducted in accordance with numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions: UNSCR 713,[27] UNSCR 757,[28] UNSCR 787[29] UNSCR 820,[30] and UNSCR 943.[31] Resolution 787 authorized participating states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.[1] Over the course of the operation, the blockade was redefined in accordance with UNSCR 1021[32] and UNSCR 1022.[33]

Ships participating

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bruce A. Elleman; S. C. M. Paine (2007). Naval coalition warfare: from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-77082-3. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Christopher Bellamy (June 20, 1996). "Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic". The Independent. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  3. ↑ "U.S. Draws Criticism for Drawing out of Bosnia Blockade", NPR, November 13, 1994
  4. 1 2 Peter L. Hays; Brenda J. Vallance; Alan R. Van Tassel (1997). American Defense Policy. JHU Press. ISBN 0-8018-5473-3. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  5. ↑ Carla Norrlof (2010). America's Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-74938-7. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  6. ↑ Trevor Findlay (1996). Challenges for the new peacekeepers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829199-X. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  7. ↑ Simon Duke (2000). The elusive quest for European security: from EDC to CFSP. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-22402-8. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  8. ↑ Giovanna Bono (2003). NATO's 'peace-enforcement' tasks and 'policy communities,' 1990-1999. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-0944-8. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  9. ↑ Volker Rittberger (2001). German foreign policy since unification: theories and case studies. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6040-0. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  10. ↑ Judy Woodruf (June 2, 2010). "As Flotilla Inquiry Calls Grow Louder, Legality of Gaza Blockade Examined". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Kathleen M. Reddy, "Operation Sharp Guard: Lesson Learned for the Policymaker and Commander", June 13, 1997, retrieved June 7, 2010
  12. ↑ "Analysis: NATO's predecessor about to go out of business.". United Press International. November 20, 2000. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  13. 1 2 Jack Sweetman (2002). American naval history: an illustrated chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-867-4. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  14. ↑ Vaughan Lowe; Adam Roberts; Jennifer Welsh (2008). The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-953343-1. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  15. ↑ Michael Brzoska; George A. Lopez (2009). Putting teeth in the tiger: improving the effectiveness of arms embargoes. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 1-84855-202-5. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  16. ↑ Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen (2006). Germany, pacifism and peace enforcement; Europe in change. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-7268-9. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  17. 1 2 G. C. de Nooy (1996). The role of European naval forces after the Cold War. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-0227-2. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  18. ↑ Ronald M. Williamson (2000). Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-2000: An Illustrated History. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-730-4. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  19. ↑ Bernd Horn (2006). The Canadian way of war: serving the national interest. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 1-55002-612-7. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  20. ↑ Brad K. Blitz (2006). War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-67773-4. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  21. ↑ Nurşin Ateşoğlu Güney (2007). Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-4931-8. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  22. ↑ William J. Durch (1996). UN peacekeeping, American politics, and the uncivil wars of the 1990s. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-16075-5. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Stacey A. Poe, "Rules of Engagement: Complexities of Coalition Interaction in Military Operations Other than War", Faculty of the Nava War College, February 13, 1995
  24. ↑ "NATO and WEU ships encounter Yugoslav Navy while preventing violation of UN embargo". Press Release by NATO/WEU force conducting the Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea, 1 May 1994. Release 94/13
  25. ↑ McLaughlin, Rob (2009). United Nations Naval Peace Operations in the Territorial Sea. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 42, note 81. ISBN 90-04-17479-6
  26. ↑ Danesh Sarooshi (2000). The United Nations and the development of collective security: the delegation by the UN Security Council of its chapter VII powers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829934-6. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  27. ↑ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/713 (1991)". NATO. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  28. ↑ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/757 (1992)". NATO. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  29. ↑ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/787 (1992)". NATO. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  30. ↑ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/820 (1993)". NATO. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  31. ↑ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/943 (1994)". NATO. September 23, 1994. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  32. ↑ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1021 (1995)". NATO. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  33. ↑ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1022 (1995)". NATO. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  34. ↑ Frank Gale (January 4, 2008). "Stephenville native appointed commander of HMCS Calgary". The Western Star. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 "Factsheets : Operation Sharp Guard". Air Force Historical Studies Office. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  36. ↑ "Destroyer Joins Operation Sharp Guard". CINCUSNAVEUR - Commander in Chief, US Naval Forces, Europe. Retrieved May 23, 1996. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  37. ↑ John Pike. "DD 979 Conolly". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  38. ↑ "Military News", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 6, 1994, retrieved June 8, 2010
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