Orionides

Orionides Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Present, 175.6–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Early Jurassic record
Skeleton of Piatnitzkysaurus floresi
Skeleton of Allosaurus fragilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	Saurischia
Suborder:	Theropoda
Clade:	Tetanurae
Clade:	Orionides Carrano, Benson & Sampson, 2012
Clades
†Megalosauroidea Avetheropoda

Orionides is a clade of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic to the Present. The clade includes most theropod dinosaurs, including birds.^[1]

Relationships

Although many phylogenetic analyses found basal tetanurans that were outside both Megalosauroidea and Avetheropoda, the core dichotomy was named only in 2012. Carrano, Benson and Sampson (2012) named that clade Orionides, and defined it as the node comprising Megalosauroidea, Avetheropoda, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants. In 2015, Hendrickx, Hartman and Mateus clarified this definition, specifying it as the most recent common ancestor of Allosaurus fragilis, Megalosaurus bucklandii, and Passer domesticus, and all its descendants. The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis published by Zanno and Makovicky in 2013.^[2]

Orionides	Megalosauroidea Piatnitzkysauridae Megalosauria Spinosauridae Megalosauridae Avetheropoda Coelurosauria Allosauroidea Metriacanthosauridae Allosauria Allosauridae Carcharodontosauria Neovenatoridae Carcharodontosauridae

Range

Large, predatory spinosaurids and allosaurids flourished during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, especially in Gondwana, but seem to have died out before the end of the Cretaceous, possibly due to competition from abelisaurid ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurid coelurosaurs. The diverse coelurosaurs persisted until the end of the Mesozoic Era, when all except for crown clade avians died out. Modern birds are the only living representatives of the clade Tetanurae.

Etymology

The clade name "Orionides" was first established by Matthew T. Carrano, Roger B. J. Benson and Scott D. Sampson in 2012. It is derived from Orion, the giant hunter of Greek mythology in references to the large size and carnivorism of basal orionidans. The name also refers to the alternative name for the constellation of Orion, Alektropodion, meaning "rooster foot".^[1]

References

1. Carrano, M. T.; Benson, R. B. J.; Sampson, S. D. (2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927.
2. Zanno, L. E.; Makovicky, P. J. (2013). "Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America". Nature Communications. 4: 2827. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4E2827Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3827. PMID 24264527.