Pherine

Pherines, also known as vomeropherines, are odorless synthetic neuroactive steroids that engage nasal chemosensory receptors and induce dose-dependent and reversible pharmacological and behavioral effects.[1][2][3][4] Pherines target human chemosensory receptors and possibly other receptors such as the GABAA receptor and influence central nervous system activity.[1][2][3][4]

Currently known pherine molecules are being developed for the treatment of various medical conditions. Pherines specifically target nasal chemosensory cells[5][6] and mediate selective modulation of brain areas like the limbic amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex.[7] In clinical trials, pherines formulated for intranasal administration in ultra low doses (nanogram to low microgram quantities) showed rapid onset of efficacy (10–15 minutes) and an excellent safety and tolerability profile. Pherines are also minimally invasive (do not require systemic absorption) to exert their pharmacological effects and can be used on demand [8][9][10]

Pherines described in the scientific literature include PH10, PH15, PH80, PH284 and PH94B (Aloradine, or 4,16-androstadien-3β-ol, a positional isomer of androstadienol).[1][2][3][4][11] Pherines are chemically and pharmacologically different from natural pheromones including androstadienone, androstenone, androstenol, androsterone, and estratetraenol.

Examples of pherines

References

  1. 1 2 3 Liebowitz, Michael R.; Salman, Ester; Nicolini, Humberto; Rosenthal, Norman; Hanover, Rita; Monti, Louis (2014). "Effect of an Acute Intranasal Aerosol Dose of PH94B on Social and Performance Anxiety in Women With Social Anxiety Disorder" (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (6): 675–682. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12101342. ISSN 0002-953X.
  2. 1 2 3 Monti-Bloch, L.; Jennings-White, C.; Dolberg, D.S.; Berliner, D.L. (1994). "The human vomeronasal system". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 19 (5-7): 673–686. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90049-3. ISSN 0306-4530.
  3. 1 2 3 Berliner DL, Monti-Bloch L, Jennings-White C, Diaz-Sanchez V (1996). "The functionality of the human vomeronasal organ (VNO): evidence for steroid receptors". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 58 (3): 259–65. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(96)00062-3. PMID 8836161.
  4. 1 2 3 Monti-Bloch L, Diaz-Sanchez V, Jennings-White C, Berliner DL (1998). "Modulation of serum testosterone and autonomic function through stimulation of the male human vomeronasal organ (VNO) with pregna-4,20-diene-3,6-dione". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 65 (1-6): 237–42. doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00025-9. PMID 9699878.
  5. ↑ Monti-Bloch, L; Jennings-White, C; Berliner, DL (1988). "The human vomeronasal system: a review". Ann NY Acad Sci. 855: 373–89. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10595.x. PMID 9929629.
  6. ↑ Winegar, B; Monti-Bloch, L (2003). "Vomeropherins produce low-frequency calcium oscillations in human vomeronasal neurons". Chem Senses. 25th ACHEMS Meeting (Sarasota, FL): 83.
  7. ↑ Sobel, N; Prabhakaran, V; Hartley, CA; Desmond, JE; Glover, GH; Sullivan, EV; Gabrieli, JD (1999). "Blind smell: brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical" (PDF). Brain. 122 (Pt 2): 209–17. doi:10.1093/brain/122.2.209. PMID 10071050.
  8. 1 2 Freeman, E; Monti-Bloch, L (2007). "Evaluation of a unique new intranasal aerosol in the treatment of clinically significant premenstrual syndrome". 47th NCDEU Meeting (Boca Raton, FL).
  9. 1 2 Liebowitz, MR; Salman, E; Nicolini, H; Rosenthal, N; Hanover, R; Monti, L (2014). "Effect of an acute intranasal aerosol dose of PH94B on social and performance anxiety in women with social anxiety disorder". Am J Psychiatry. 171 (6): 675–82. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.12101342.
  10. 1 2 Liebowitz, MR; Nicolini, H; Monti, L; Hanover, R (2013). "PH 10 may be a new rapidly acting intranasally administered antidepressant". American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology (ASCP) Annual Meeting, Miami, FL.
  11. ↑ Monti-Bloch, Louis; Jennings-White, Clive; Berliner, David L. (1998). "The Human Vomeronasal System: A Review". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 855 (1 OLFACTION AND): 373–389. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10595.x. ISSN 0077-8923.
  12. ↑ Liebowitz, M; Monti, L; Hanover, R; Draine, A (2015). "PH94B nasal spray as a PRN treatment for social anxiety disorder: a phase 3 pilot trial". ASCP Annual Meeting: T13.
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