Phthalic anhydride

Phthalic anhydride
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Benzofuran-1,3-dione[1]
Other names
Isobenzofuran-1,3-dione[1]
Phthalic anhydride[1]
Identifiers
85-44-9 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:36605 YesY
ChEMBL ChEMBL1371297 N
ChemSpider 6552 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.001.461
RTECS number TI3150000
Properties
C8H4O3
Molar mass 148.1 g/mol
Appearance white flakes
Odor characteristic, acrid[2]
Density 1.53 g/cm3, solid; 1.20 g/mL, molten[2]
Melting point 131.6 °C (268.9 °F; 404.8 K)
Boiling point 295 °C (563 °F; 568 K) sublimates
0.62 g/100g (20—25 °C);
19.0 g/100g (100 °C);
reacts slowly
Vapor pressure 0.0015 mmHg (20°C)[2]
Hazards
R-phrases R22, R37/38, R41, R42/43
S-phrases (S2), S23, S24/25, S26, S37/39, S46
NFPA 704
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
1
3
0
Flash point 152 °C (306 °F; 425 K)
Explosive limits 1.7%-10.5%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
4020 mg/kg (oral, rat)
1520 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
800 mg/kg (oral, cat)
800-1600 mg/kg (oral, rat)
2210 mg/kg (oral, mouse)[3]
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 12 mg/m3 (2 ppm)[2]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 6 mg/m3 (1 ppm)[2]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 60 mg/m3[2]
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Phthalic acid
Phthalimide
Phthalide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Phthalic anhydride is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2O. It is the anhydride of phthalic acid. Phthalic anhydride is a principal commercial form of phthalic acid. It was the first anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid to be used commercially. This colourless solid is an important industrial chemical, especially for the large-scale production of plasticizers for plastics. In 2000, the worldwide production volume was estimated to be about 3 million tonnes per year.[4]

Synthesis and production

Phthalic anhydride was first reported in 1836 by Auguste Laurent. More contemporary routes include catalytic oxidation of ortho-xylene and naphthalene ("Gibbs phthalic anhydride process"), although use of naphthalene has declined. Starting from o-xylene, the oxidation follows the following stoichiometry:

C6H4(CH3)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4(CO)2O + 3 H2O

The reaction proceeds with about 70% selectivity. About 10% of maleic anhydride is also produced:

C6H4(CH3)2 + 7.5 O2 → C4H2O3 +4 H2O + 4 CO2

The reaction is catalyzed by a vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) between 320 - 400 °C. The phthalic anhydride is separated from byproducts by a series of "switch condensers". Phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride are recovered by distillation. Phthalic anhydride can also be prepared from phthalic acid:[4]

Uses

The primary use of phthalic anhydride is as a chemical intermediate in the production of plastics from vinyl chloride. Phthalate esters, which function as plasticizers, are derived from Phthalic Anhydride. Phthalate plasticizers are used for the production of flexible PVC products such as cables, pipes and hoses, leather cloth, shoes, film for packaging etc. Phthalic anhydride has another major use in the production of polyester resins and other minor uses in the production of alkyd resins used in paints and lacquers; certain dyes (anthraquinone, phthalein, rhodamine, phthalocyanine, fluorescin, and xanthene dyes); insect repellents; and polyester polyols for polyurethanes. It is also utilized as a rubber scorch inhibitor and retarder.

Applications

Phthalic anhydride is a versatile intermediate in organic chemistry, in part because it is bifunctional and cheaply available. Hydrolysis by hot water forms ortho-phthalic acid.[5] Hydrolysis of anhydrides is not typically a reversible process. Phthalic acid is however easily dehydrated to form phthalic anhydride. Above 180 °C, phthalic anhydride re-forms.

Preparation of phthalate esters

As with other anhydrides, the alcoholysis reaction is the basis of the manufacture of phthalate esters, which are widely used (and controversial - see endocrine disruptor) plasticizers.[4] In the 1980s, approximately 6.5×109 kg of these esters were produced annually, and the scale of production was increasing each year, all from phthalic anhydride. The process begins with the reaction of phthalic anhydride with alcohols, giving the monoesters:

C6H4(CO)2O + ROH → C6H4(CO2H)CO2R

The second esterification is more difficult and requires removal of water:

C6H4(CO2H)CO2R + ROH ⇌ C6H4(CO2R)2 + H2O

The most important diester is bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ("DEHP"), used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride compounds.

Organic synthesis

Phthalic anhydride is a precursor to a variety of reagents useful in organic synthesis. Important derivatives include phthalimide and its many derivatives. Chiral alcohols form half-esters (see above), and these derivatives are often resolvable because they form diastereomeric salts with chiral amines such as brucine.[6] A related ring-opening reaction involves peroxides to give the useful peroxy acid:[7]

C6H4(CO)2O + H2O2 → C6H4(CO3H)CO2H

Preparation of aliphatic nitroalkenes

Phthalic anhydride is used to dehydrate short-chain nitro-alcohols to yield nitroalkenes, compounds with a high tendency to polymerize.[8]

Precursor to dyestuffs

Phthalic anhydride is widely used in industry for the production of certain dyes. A well-known application of this reactivity is the preparation of the anthroquinone dye quinizarin by reaction with para-chlorophenol followed by hydrolysis of the chloride.[9]

Quinoline Yellow SS is a popular dye derived from the condensation of phthalic anhydride and 2-methylquinoline.

Pharmaceuticals

Phthalic anhydride treated with cellulose acetate gives cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a common enteric coating excipient that has also been shown to have antiviral activity.[10] Phthalic anhydride is a degradation product of CAP.[11]

Phthalic anhydride is a precursor to phthalylsulfathiazole, an antimicrobial, as well as phthalylsulfamethizole, phthalylsulfacetamide, and the antihelmintic phthalofyne.

Safety

The most probable human exposure to phthalic anhydride is through skin contact or inhalation during manufacture or use. Studies show that exposure to phthalic anhydride can cause rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Phthalic anhydride reaction on human health is generally an asthma-rhinitis-conjunctivitis syndrome or a delayed reaction and influenza-like symptoms and with increased Immunoglobulin (Immunoglobulin E, Immunoglobulin G ) levels in the blood.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 835. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0512". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. ↑ "Phthalic anhydride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. 1 2 3 Peter M. Lorz, Friedrich K. Towae, Walter Enke, Rudolf Jäckh, Naresh Bhargava, Wolfgang Hillesheim "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_181.pub2
  5. ↑ Noller, Carl R. (1965). Chemistry of Organic Compounds, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. p. 602.
  6. ↑ Joseph Kenyon (1941). "d- and l-Octanol-2". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol., 1, p. 418
  7. ↑ George B. Payne (1973). "Monoperphthalic acid". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol., 5, p. 805
  8. ↑ Ranganathan, Darshan; Rao, Bhushan; Ranganathan, Subramania; Mehrotra, Ashok & Iyengar, Radha (1980). "Nitroethylene: a stable, clean, and reactive agent for organic synthesis". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (7): 1185–1189. doi:10.1021/jo01295a003. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  9. ↑ L. A. Bigelow and H. H. Reynolds (1941). "Quinizarin". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol., 1, p. 476
  10. ↑ Neurath AR. (2000). "Microbicide for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases using a pharmaceutical excipient.". AIDS Patient Care STDS. 14 (4): 215–9. doi:10.1089/108729100317830. PMID 10806641.
  11. ↑ Mayhew JW, Gideon LT, Ericksen B, Hlavaty JJ, Yeh SM, Chavdarian CG, Strick N, Neurath AR (2009). "Development of a gel permeation chromatographic assay to achieve mass balance in cellulose acetate phthalate stability studies.". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 49 (2): 240–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.039. PMC 2859192Freely accessible. PMID 19070984.
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