Monotropa hypopitys

Monotropa hypopitys
Monotropa hypopitys (Henry M. Jackson Wilderness, Washington)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Subfamily: Monotropoideae
Genus: Monotropa
Species: M. hypopitys
Binomial name
Monotropa hypopitys
L.

Monotropa hypopitys — called Dutchman's pipe, false beech-drops, pinesap, or yellow bird's-nest — is a herbaceous perennial plant, formerly classified in the families Monotropaceae or Pyrolaceae, but now included within the subfamily Monotropoideae of the blueberry family (Ericaceae). It is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and is scarce or rare in many areas. However, it is still the most widespread member of the subfamily. While currently included in the genus Monotropa, recent genetic evidence strongly suggests that Monotropa hypopitys should be placed in its own genus, Hypopitys, with the single species Hypopitys monotropa Crantz, but possibly containing several other species.[1]

The pink to cream flower, with four to five petals, is borne on a short stalk
Monotropa hypopitys with bee

Unlike most plants, it does not contain chlorophyll; it is a myco-heterotroph, getting its food through parasitism upon fungi rather than photosynthesis. These fungi form a mycorrhiza with nearby tree species.

Plants are fleshy and grow 10–35 cm tall. True stems are nonexistent. Instead, the only part which emerges from the soil are unbranched adventitious inflorescences which are developmentally similar to adventitious roots.[2] All parts of the plant are pale yellowish white to reddish-tinged. The bracts are 5–10 mm long scale-like structures, which cover most of the inflorescence. Plants flower from April to December depending on the geographic region (May to October in North America).[3] The flowers are pendulous when young, but become erect when they begin to mature into the fruit which is a capsule. The flowers are 9–12 mm long and produced in a cluster of 1–11 together at the apex of the inflorescence, which is a raceme.[4] It flowers between early summer and mid autumn; plants that flower in summer are yellow and sparsely hairy, while those that flower in autumn are red and densely hairy. These two color "forms" overlap in flowering time. It has been suggested that yellow individuals are largely self-pollinating.[5]

The species name is from Latinized Greek hypo-, "under", and pitys, "pine", referring to where pinesap often grows.[6] However, Linnaeus misspelled it hypopithys. Many authorities have followed his spelling.[7][8][9] On the other hand, it has been stated that the spelling "is generally treated as correctable to 'hypopitys'",[10] as followed by other authorities.[11] The variability of the species in colour, hairiness, and in the number of flowers, has led to an extensive synonymy for the species. The entire list is over 80 synonyms;[12] some of which include Hypopitys americana, H. fimbriata, H. insignata, H. lanuginosa, H. latisquama, H. monotropa, Monotropa chinensis, M. hypophegea, M. lanuginosa, M. latisquama, M. multiflora and M. taiwaniana.

In California, Monotropa hypopitys may be confused for the much less common Pityopus or Hemitomes which are superficially similar.

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Bidartondo, M.I.; Bruns, T.D. (2001), Extreme specificity in epiparasitic Monotropoidiae (Ericaceae): widespread phylogenetic and geographical structure, Molecular Ecology
  2. ↑ Wallace, G.D. (1975), Studies of the Monotropoidiae (Ericaceae): taxonomy and distribution, The Wassman Journal of Biology
  3. ↑ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Monotropa hypopitys". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  4. ↑ Klinkenberg, Brian (Editor) (2014). "Monotropa hypopitys". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  5. ↑ Klooster, Matthew R.; Culley, Theresa M. (2009), Comparative ecology of Monotropa and Monotropsis: two mycoheterotrophic genera in the Monotripoidiae (Ericaceae), The American Journal of Botany
  6. ↑ IPNI Plant Name Details, International Plant Names Index, 2005, retrieved 2009-08-08
  7. ↑ USDA, NRCS (2009), Plants profile for Monotropa hypopithys (pinesap), National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, retrieved 2009-08-08
  8. ↑ ITIS Standard Report Page: Monotropa hypopithys, 2009-06-24, retrieved 2009-08-08
  9. ↑ Iqbal Dar, M., Monotropa hypopithys in Flora of Pakistan, eFloras.org, retrieved 2009-08-08
  10. ↑ Monotropa hypopitys in the Linnaean Typification Project, The Natural History Museum, 2009, retrieved 2009-08-08
  11. ↑ Qin, Haining; Stevens, Peter F.; Wallace, Gary D. (2005), Monotropa hypopitys in Flora of China, eFloras.org, retrieved 2009-08-08
  12. ↑ Wallace, G.D. (1975), Studies of the Monotropoidiae (Ericaceae): taxonomy and distribution, The Wassman Journal of Biology
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