Pink skunk clownfish

Pink skunk clownfish
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Pomacentridae
Genus: Amphiprion
Species: A. perideraion
Binomial name
Amphiprion perideraion
Bleeker, 1855

Amphiprion perideraion also known as the pink skunk clownfish or pink anemonefish, is a species of anemonefish from the skunk complex that is widespread from northern Australia through the Malay Archipelago and Melanesia.[1] Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends.[2] They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.[1]

Description

The body of A. perideraion is pink to peach. It has the white stripe along the dorsal ridge that is common to all members of the skunk complex and a white head bar running vertically just behind the eye.[1] While the largest species of anemonefish can reach a length of 18 cm (7.1 in), A. perideraion is one of the smallest species with females growing to a length of 10 cm (3.9 in).[1]

Color variations

Some anemonefish species have color variations based on geographic location, sex and host anemone. A. perideraion, like other members of the skunk complex, does not show any of these variations.[1]

Similar species

A. perideraion is included in the skunk complex and so has similarities with other species in this complex. The combination of dorsal stripe and head bar distinguishes it from most other species. A. akallopisos, A. sandaracinos and A. pacificus all lack a white head bar, while A. nigripes lacks the dorsal stripe and has black belly and black pelvic and anal fins. The hybrid A. leucokranos has a broader head bar and the dorsal stripe does not extend the full length of the dorsal ridge.[1]

Distribution and Habitat

A. perideraion is found throughout the Malay Archipelago and Melanesia, in the west Pacific Ocean from the Great Barrier Reef and Tonga, north to the Ryukyu Islands of Japan and in the eastern Indian Ocean from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, through the Rowley Shoals, Scott and Ashmore Reefs, Cocos and Christmas Islands to Sumatra. It inhabits reef lagoons and outer reef slopes.[3] A. perideraion has been thought to be found at limited to depths of 3–20 m,[3] however surveys using autonomous underwater vehicles of mesophotic reefs at Viper Reef and Hydrographers Passage in the central Great Barrier Reef observed A. perideraion at depths between 50 and 65 m.[4] A. perideraion and A. clarkii are the only 2 anemonefish found at both the east and west coasts of Australia.[1]

While the morphological features of A. perideraion are consistent throughout its range, genetic analysis of fish in the Indo-Malay Archipelago has shown that there is a genetic break between the Java Sea population (Karimun Java) and all other locations. There is a north to south connection of the Philippines to the rest of the archipelago and a mixing of central populations along the strong current of the Indonesian throughflow.[5]

Host anemones

The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure.[6] A. perideraion is a generalist, consistent with its widespread distribution, being hosted by the following 4 out of the 10 host anemones: [1][3][6]

Unusually for anemonefish, A. perideraion has been observed sharing a host with other species, including A. clarkii [7] and A. akallopisos.[8]

Diet

The natural diet of anemonefish includes zooplankton, (diatoms and copepods), benthic worms, tunicates, and algae. A. perideraion is the only species of anemonefish to primarily feed on algae. [1]

Conservation status

Anemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar environmental issues. Like corals, anemones contain intracellular endosymbionts, zooxanthellae, and can suffer from bleaching due to triggers such as increased water temperature or acidification. Local populations and genetic diversity remain vulnerable to high level of exploitation of these species and their host anemones by the global ornamental fish trade.[9] This species was not evaluated in the 2012 release of the IUCN Red List.

In aquaria

It has successfully been bred in an aquarium.[8] In an aquarium, hobbyists have fed the species brine shrimp, mysis shrimp, chopped shellfish, and dried algae.[8][10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN 9780730983651. Archived from the original on 18 Oct 2014.
  2. ↑ Buston PM (May 2004). "Territory inheritance in clownfish". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (Suppl 4): S252–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156. PMC 1810038Freely accessible. PMID 15252999.
  3. 1 2 3 Bray, Dianne. "Pink Anemonefish, Amphiprion perideraion". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  4. ↑ Bridge, T.; Scott. A.; Steinberg, D. (2012). "Abundance and diversity of anemonefishes and their host sea anemones at two mesophotic sites on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Coral Reefs. 31 (4): 1057–1062. doi:10.1007/s00338-012-0916-x.
  5. ↑ Dohna, T.; Timm, J.; Hamid, L.; Kochzius M. (April 2015). "Limited connectivity and a phylogeographic break characterize populations of the pink anemonefish, Amphiprion perideraion, in the Indo-Malay Archipelago: inferences from a mitochondrial and microsatellite loci". Journal of Ecology and Evolution. 5 (8): 1717–1733. doi:10.1002/ece3.1455. PMC 4409419Freely accessible. PMID 25937914.
  6. 1 2 Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR. (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 274 (274): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758.
  7. ↑ Hattori, A. (April 1995). "Coexistence of two anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii and A. perideraion, which utilize the same host sea anemone" (PDF). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 42 (4): 345–353. doi:10.1007/BF00001464.
  8. 1 2 3 Tristan Lougher (2006). What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish. Interpet Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84286-118-9.
  9. ↑ Madduppa, H.HT.; Timm, J.; Kochzius M. (February 2014). "Interspecific, Spatial and Temporal Variability of Self-Recruitment in Anemonefishes". PLoS ONE. 9: e90648. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090648.
  10. ↑ "Pink Skunk Clownfish". Animal-World.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
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