Emergency vehicle lighting

Emergency vehicle lighting, such as that seen on this 1970s ambulance, helps to announce the vehicle's presence to other road users.
Rotating blue emergency lighting on a Swedish police vehicle.
Rotating Beacon

Emergency vehicle lighting is one or more visual warning lights fitted to a vehicle for use when the driver wishes to convey to other road users the urgency of their journey, to provide additional warning of a hazard when stationary, or in the case of law enforcement as a means of signalling another driver to stop for interaction with an officer. These lights may be dedicated emergency lights, such as a beacon or a light bar, or may be modified stock lighting, such as a wig-wag or hide-away light, and are additional to any standard lighting on the car such as hazard lights. Often, they are used along with a siren (or occasionally sirens) in order to increase their effectiveness. In many jurisdictions, the use of these lights may afford the user specific legal powers, and may place requirements on other road users to behave differently, such as compelling them to pull to the side of the road and yield right of way so the emergency vehicle may proceed through unimpeded.

Laws regarding and restricting the use of these lights vary widely between jurisdictions, and in some areas non-emergency vehicles (e.g. school buses) and semi-emergency vehicles (e.g. tow trucks) may be permitted to use similar lights. These non-and semi-emergency lights are also discussed here. Research into the usefulness and potential dangers of these lights is also presented.

Emergency vehicle lighting is a subtype of emergency vehicle equipment.

Purpose

Emergency vehicle lighting is generally used to clear the right of way for emergency vehicles, or to warn approaching motorists of potential hazards, such as a vehicle that is stopped or moving slower than the rate of traffic, or a car that has been pulled over. It may also be used to provide specific directions to motorists, such as a command to pull over. Some vehicles incorporate a small arrow board to direct traffic.

The use of emergency beacons is restricted by law in many jurisdictions only for responding to an emergency, initiating a traffic stop, bona fide training exercises, or when a specific hazard exists in the road. Most private security agencies have special permits that allow them to use beacons in specific areas. It has yet to be determined whether autonomous vehicles will be required to carry lights, or what colors or patterns they might exhibit to warn off aggressive human drivers.

Optical types

The optical and mechanical characteristics of the lights used can have a significant effect on the look of the vehicle and how readily it gains attention in emergencies.

Steady burning

The simplest form of lighting is a steadily burning lamp. These may be white lights used on scene to enable emergency workers to see what they are doing, or they may be colored lights that advertise the emergency vehicle's presence. In the latter case, steadily burning lights are often used alongside rotating or flashing lights rather than on their own, though historically some emergency vehicles only displayed steadily burning lights. For example, California Vehicle Code Section 25252 states that: "Every authorized emergency vehicle shall be equipped with at least one steady burning red warning lamp visible from at least 1,000 feet to the front of the vehicle"

Rotating light

The parts and workings of a rotating light: Top The assembled beacon, including an optional mirror to be used when the beacon is placed in the windshield or rear window. Center The beacon, with the mirror removed. Bottom left and right The green dome of the beacon has been removed to show its rotating reflector, stationary incandescent lamp, and electric motor.

These revolving lights may contain a single, stationary bulb around which a curved mirror is spun (or which is attached to a spinning mirror), or a lamp with a Fresnel lens. This creates rotating beam(s) of light, appearing to flash when viewed. Larger rotating lights may contain modular or sealed-beam lamps which rotate as an assembly (commonly 2 or 4 bulbs, but possibly 1 or 3).

To protect the workings of the beacon, a plastic dome often covers the assembly. These domes usually come in solid colors, but in some cases the front and back halves of the dome are different colors. Other beacons use a clear dome with colored lenses on each lamp. Especially in the last case, these rotating beacons are sometimes referred to colloquially as "gumball machines" or sometimes "cherry tops" in the case of red lights.

Rotating lights often use a quartz-halogen or conventional incandescent bulb, though some rotating beacons are now made with LEDs rather than bulbs.[1]

Rotating lights may be used in lightbars as well as in single beacons. In a modern enclosed lightbar, generally 'V'- or diamond-shaped mirrors are provided between the lamps to give the effect of multiple flashing lights.

Strobe lights

Some emergency lighting is based on strobe lights similar to those used in flash photography. These xenon flash lamps put out a very brief but very bright flash by ionizing and then discharging a large current through the gas. The light produced has a somewhat bluish emission spectrum, which makes red lightbars glow a fuchsia-pink color when lit.

LED lighting

Police cars sit at the base of the I-35W bridge collapse. The lightbars mounted on the cars are LED-based. The illuminated back-up lamps seen in the two cars in the foreground are being used as emergency lights which operate on a different circuit, rather than burning steadily to indicate that the cars are in reverse gear.
LED-lights on a Volkswagen Transporter-Ambulance

LED-based lighting is becoming very popular in the emergency services for several reasons. Light-emitting diodes are small, completely solid state, very power-efficient, long-lasting (as they have no filaments to burn out) and can be seen very easily even at great distances and in sunlight.

Whether as lightbars or single beacons, LED-based lights typically use a clear, colorless dome because the light color is an intrinsic property of the LEDs themselves. LED-based lightbars can be made very thin, reducing wind resistance by around 8-10 percent,[2] or made very flat and used in novel applications, for example to flip up under a sun visor.

LED lights are often used in a mode similar to conventional strobe lights, however they can be programmed with a wider variety of flash patterns because of their ability to be switched directly by electronics, as opposed to discharging a capacitor through a gas-filled tube.

LED lights produce relatively little heat when in use. In colder inclement climates, this has resulted in LED emergency vehicle warning lights (as well as traffic lights) being obscured by the buildup of frost or snow, raising safety concerns. Solutions are being researched to provide a heat source, as necessary in certain weather conditions, to keep LED lights clear of snow and frost.[3]

Modification of stock lighting

A hide-away strobe light fitted into a headlamp. The strobe light is the coiled glass tube in the bottom of the headlight assembly, near the center of the highlighted region of the picture (click picture to enlarge).

The vehicle's stock lighting may also be modified to add flashing and strobe effects. This can be done by adding electronics to the existing lighting system (for instance, to create a wig-wag), or by drilling holes in the reflectors of stock lighting and inserting flashing lights in those holes.

Information matrix signs

LED Information matrix sign on a police car of the National Police of Ecuador.

Some emergency vehicles use signs made up of a large number of light sources (usually LEDs), which can be programmed to display messages to other road users. This can be used to request other vehicles to pull over, indicate a special instruction, or just to display the name of the operating service (e.g. 'Police')

Mounting types

Diagram showing potential mounting positions for internal, body mounted and removable beacons on emergency vehicles
A Michigan State Police cruiser with a single red beacon and hood fin

Emergency lighting may be fitted to several places on a vehicle, depending on the degree of conspicuity required. Beacons and lightbars are often mounted on the roof for high visibility, while other lights may be mounted on the body, in the grill, or in the interior of the vehicle.

Roof-mounted single beacon

Since their introduction in 1948, rotating beacons have become widely accepted as a means of attracting attention to one's vehicle. Although the use of the single beacon in law enforcement has dropped since the introduction of light bars, they are still used by some police departments, because of their lower cost or due to tradition. One agency that continues to employ traditional red rotating beacons on its patrol cars is the Michigan State Police. Beacons are also occasionally used on construction equipment when a full-sized lightbar would be unnecessary or impractical to attach to the vehicle.

While many single beacons use rotating lamps or mirrors, others use strobe lights under a translucent dome to provide an omnidirectional flash. Some smaller and low-cost beacons of the latter type, however, are simply a blinking incandescent bulb. LEDs are also used to light some omnidirectional beacons.

The single beacon is also available with a magnetic mount for situations where permanent mounting is impractical. Examples of such situations would be detectives in unmarked vehicles, volunteer firefighters, or managers at freight yards who use an amber light for safety. These "mag-mount" beacons are often round or teardrop-shaped, and are often referred to as "Kojak" lights after the popular 1970s TV detective who used one.

Lightbar

Code 3 MX7000Lightbar used by the New South Wales Police Force. Also seen is an LED message board, which can display static or scrolling text.
Close up of an older light bar: this light bar has a clear dome under which two rotating lights can be seen in this view. The rotating light on the right is fitted with an additional red lens, while the left light will give off unfiltered white light. At the extreme left, a siren speaker can be installed behind the grill.

Originally, this referred to a simple metal bar on the roof of the vehicle upon which agencies would mount two rotating beacons, as well as other components such as sirens and stationary "lollipop" lights. Soon the beacon manufacturers began producing off-the-shelf complete "light bars".

Later, the individual components of the lightbar were integrated into a single contiguous unit, with two elongated domes on either side of a siren enclosure. The extended domes allowed for more rotating beacons, additional mirrors, and fixed-beam lights toward the center to replace the "lollipops".

Lightbars may now contain fixed, rotating, strobe, or LED-based lights in various configurations and offering programmable flash patterns. They may include a second, lower, tier of lamps, such as clear halogen "takedown" lights towards the front to illuminate the vehicle being stopped, clear side-facing "alley" spotlights, additional amber or red towards the rear for scene protection, or directional traffic advisory arrows. The modern trend of locating sirens on or near the front bumper of emergency vehicles has resulted in many lightbar models eliminating the siren housing in lieu of more lighting.

Some lightbar variations are specialized to meet certain desires of the agencies utilizing them, such as those using multiple rotating beacons in a "V" pattern to provide additional illumination to the sides of the vehicle, and those designed to hug the roof of a vehicle to minimize air resistance or present a lower profile for "stealth" purposes.

Body mounted

Body mounted beacon in operation, used to draw attention to the vehicle as it emerges from side roads

Some types of light can be mounted on to the outside of the vehicle (usually a permanent install) and these can be used to provide directional lighting in key areas, such as in front for clearing traffic, or to the rear for scene protection. They can also form part of the main lighting arrangement for subtly marked or unmarked vehicles. In this application, the operating service may choose to use lights with clear lenses so as to minimize the possibility of the lights being noticed when not on.

Common places to mount such beacons include on or in the grill of the vehicle and on the front of the rear view mirrors, where they can gain maximum visibility. In the UK many emergency vehicles have lights on the side of the bonnet, which helps to warn oncoming traffic when pulling out of junctions. These lights are often strobe or LED types, as they have the lowest profile for purposes of attachment.

Vehicle integral

Sometimes, the existing lighting on a vehicle is modified to create warning beacons. In the case of wig-wag lighting, this involves adding a device to alternately flash the high-beam headlights, or, in some countries, the rear fog lights. It can also involve drilling out other lights on the vehicle to add "hideaway" or "corner strobes".

A New South Wales Police Force unmarked vehicle. The interior mounted lights can be seen on the dashboard

Interior mounted

A variety of emergency lights may be used in the interior of a vehicle, generally on the dashboard, visor area, or rear deck. Uses range from discreet or temporary lighting for unmarked vehicles and volunteer responders, to additional rear lighting on fully marked vehicles, to a "slick-top" configuration not unlike a full lightbar set.

Interior lighting is available in a variety of form factors, ranging from flat LED panels under the sun visors, to halogen or strobe lights mounted on the rear deck, to "cherry" or oscillating "teardrop" lights mounted on the dash. These may be permanently mounted and wired into the vehicle's electrical system, or they may be temporarily mounted and plug into the vehicle's cigarette lighter. They are often fitted with shields which direct the light through the window, but prevent reflections in to the cab.

The police car on the right is a slick-top or "stealth" vehicle, lacking the roof-mounted lightbar seen on the traditionally equipped car on the left.

The aerodynamic properties of light bars can be important for police applications, as fuel efficiency and drag are concerns in patrol and pursuit. Because of this, some police cars do not have roof mounted lightbars. These "slick-top" cars mount their emergency lights within the cruiser, generally around the periphery of the windshield or into the leading or trailing edge of the roof. Slick-top police cars also lack the silhouette of a lightbar or beacon, making the car harder to identify as a police vehicle from a distance, especially fore and aft. Because of these visual advantages, these vehicles are sometimes referred to as "stealth" vehicles.

A key disadvantage of relying solely on internal lighting is the number of lights required to achieve true 360 degree visibility, with most lights usually concentrated front and rear. This can limit the application of vehicles for instances such as scene protection.

Scientific research

Perception

A study at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom showed that strobe lighting conveyed a greater sense of urgency to other road users, with the faster the flash the greater urgency, potentially helping to speed the emergency vehicle through traffic. It also concluded that factors such as flash pattern were important, with simultaneously flashing beacons attracting attention far quicker than alternately flashing versions, although this did increase discomfort glare. In general, as light intensity and the number of beacons present increased, the time it took to gain the attention of other drivers decreased.

This same study compared different light colors for glare and detection time under both daylight and night conditions. While red and blue both compared favorably with amber for glare under various conditions, some contradictory findings were observed for detection time. When all colors were held at equal intensity, amber had the poorest detection time both daytime and night. However, when the light source was held at constant intensity, the amber filters, which generally let the most light through, had the best detection time.[4]

Potential hazards

There may be a number of hazards to other road users related to the use of emergency beacons, and these effects should be mitigated as far as possible during vehicle design. These potential hazards include:

Usage by country

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police automobiles by country.

The color of a vehicle's emergency lights is useful to denote the type of vehicle or situation, but the relationship between color and service varies widely by jurisdiction.

By far the most common colors for the core emergency services to use are blue and red, and there are some arguments for using both. One study found that for flashing lights, red was more easily perceived in daylight, and blue at night. Furthermore, red has advantages in haze and fog, while blue stands out against traffic at night.[8] On the other hand, a different study found that red had the quickest detection times at night.[9]

Argentina

Argentina uses blue for police, red for fire, green for ambulances, and amber for utility vehicles.

Brunei

Blue use for police, red for ambulances and red and blue for fire. Yellow use for buses and trucks such as pick up and tow truck.

Australia

A marked highway patrol cruiser of the Western Australia Police.
A marked Roads and Traffic Authority vehicle with Magenta lights

In Australia, colors are generally regulated at the state level, but there are some commonalities:

Many police motor vehicles, and less often other emergency services, also fit LED matrix variable message displays to vehicle lightbars. Such message bars used in New South Wales by the police and fire brigade are capable of displaying numerous messages warning motorists of various hazards or dangers.[13]

Canada

Generally, red is used for emergency vehicles, amber for construction and utility vehicles, and green for volunteer firefighters. Blue is used, along with red, for police, as well as for snow removal vehicles in Ontario (with Amber for Municipal snow removal) and purple is used for a funeral. Police now use both red and blue Canada-wide (except where local laws prohibit), including Ontario (thanks to successful testing in Toronto and Ottawa, and changes in the provincial traffic act), where the color blue was only used for non-emergency work.[14][15] Blue flashing lights are still permitted on snow removal vehicles in Ontario, as long as they are not used in conjunction with flashing red lights.[16]

Some provinces restrict municipal peace officers (the exact title varies by province) to a different color; for instance, red-only in Québec, and amber in Ontario. However, Ontario does permit certain types of provincial enforcement officers, such as Ministry of Transportation, red lights. Officers appointed to enforce the Highway Traffic Act and other statutes use red or red and blue lights as well, such as Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, University Constables and others. White flashing lights are common as a supplemental light on emergency vehicles, particularly for fire and ambulance vehicles.

In New Brunswick Green is reserved for EMO Command post.[17][18] In addition to the use of optional green lights, volunteer firefighters often receive special license plate size markings (red letters on a yellow background) to be displayed in place of a front license plate, or in the window of said vehicle.

Utility vehicles generally use amber. Ontario and Newfoundland use blue lights for snowplows, while Alberta uses amber and red for snowplows, and has a public awareness campaign advising motorists that "flashing amber and red means snowplow ahead".[19] Alberta also allows red lights on certain classes of utility vehicles, such as natural gas utilities which may need to disconnect a gas line in an emergency.[18]

While funeral vehicles may also use amber, more recently, some funeral vehicles in Ontario, and more recently Alberta; have begun using purple lights for identification.[20] Often, as a courtesy, motorists yield to funeral processions. However, they are not required to by law.

(Other "non-police" law enforcement means entities such as Conservation Officer, Environmental Officer, Provincial Officer, Ministry/Department of Transportation Enforcement Officers, University Constables, Community Peace Officers, and in some cases, Municipal By-law Enforcement Officers and Fuel Tax Enforcement Officers)

Europe

German emergency vehicles (all blue beacons).

In most of Europe emergency vehicles use blue lights. However, it is a darker specification blue than used in other parts of the world.

Red lights are not common in Europe, though they are used in some countries where red has a specific meaning. Police in Finland, Estonia, Germany and Sweden use a forward-facing red light to indicate that a driver must pull over and stop. Austria, Germany and Sweden also use red on fire vehicles to designate the command post; in other countries a single green beacon sometimes designates the command post. In Sweden, a green strobe will indicate a medical command vehicle. Greece uses red on fire engines, and red along with blue on police vehicles. In Poland, red is used on designated vehicles, including police and military vehicles, to indicate the beginning and/or end of a convoy (of those type of vehicles). Until recently the National Police in Slovakia used only blue lights, they have recently started using red and blue lights; Municipal and Military Police used blue lights in Slovakia.

Spain

The law allows only the Cuerpo Nacional de Policía, Guardia Civil, Policía Local and autonomous law-enforcement agencies to use blue lights, so in contrast with convention in Europe, civil defense, ambulances (Ambulancia) and fire engines (Bomberos) have to use yellow/amber lights (the only other color authorized, in contrast to convention in which these color lights are used to denote slow vehicles). Some Autonomous Communities have allowed other colors, such as blue, red or white (the latter two of which is used by SAMUR in Madrid), however, these are technically illegal to use throughout Spain. Yellow/amber lights are also used in wide-load trucks and their accompanying vehicles. A steady burn green light is permitted on taxi's.

Poland

Only designated vehicles (such as Police, Fire Service, Ambulances, Internal Affairs, etc.) are permitted to use blue light. The sale of a blue emergency light is permitted, however, the possession of such a light in vehicles (whether turned on or off, visible or not) is strictly illegal. Red lights are used by the first and last vehicle of a convoy of designated vehicles and also are strictly regulated. Amber lights are seeing increasing popularity in recent years, however, specific uses are designated according to the Polish "Kodeks Drogowy". There are no specific rules governing the use of other colors such as purple, green, or clear lights.

Germany

Only emergency and police vehicle may use blue lights. This includes firefighters, rescue services, emergency response vehicles for public utilities and civil defense units. All other kinds of blue lights (e.g. car floor lighting or cab interior lights) are illegal on public roads. Flashing blue lights and sirens may only be used by authorized vehicles in case of emergency and order all other vehicles to make way, since these vehicles have the absolute right of way. Blue lights alone may be used to secure the site of an accident (or a standing emergency vehicle). Sometimes, columns of emergency or police vehicles use blue lights (without sirens) to make the column more visible to other vehicles.

German police lightbars often have "POLIZEI" written in white over the dome, and usually incorporate an LED text display that can read, in mirrored writing if towards the front, "STOP POLIZEI" or "BITTE FOLGEN" ("please follow"), to signal drivers to pull over. In the newest generation, the text display changes between German and English (STOP POLIZEI -> STOP POLICE and BITTE FOLGEN -> FOLLOW ME) British police lightbars use the word "STOP".

Hungary

Blue lights (in light bars) are used by (reserved for) police, ambulance service, emergency blood transport, fire brigade, emergency response teams (public services), correction facilities. Blue-red combo is often used by police and ambulance, but red can only be used in combo with blue. Some police units often use additional lighting, e.g. strobe lights, alternating headlight flash, behind-windshield blue/red lights. Detachable blue flash lamps are occasionally used by unsigned cars of special police forces, by personal transport services for government members, and diplomatic convoy/escort vehicles. Amber/yellow flashing lights are for warning some special attribute (e.g. oversized, slow, parking at unexpected places etc.) of vehicles like garbage trucks, road cleaning/control/repair, snow plow, car assistance services, construction, transporting dangerous materials etc. Amber/yellow lights do not grant traffic privileges, except to go in the opposite direction in one-way streets or driving on the opposite side in some cases, e.g. road cleaning.

Netherlands

The color of emergency vehicle lighting is blue. Vehicles using flashing blue lights and siren have right of way over all other vehicles. Only designated emergency/priority vehicles may use blue lights; this includes police, fire brigade, ambulance service and a few other, smaller services such as the blood bank and some lifeguard organizations. Dutch police vehicles have an LED matrix display, which can show different texts in red lighting. Most often used are STOP POLITIE (ordering a driver to pull over and stop) or VOLGEN POLITIE (ordering driver to follow the police vehicle). Standard Dutch police cars often have the text bar incorporated in the light bar, vans and motorcycles usually have a separate sign on the front of the vehicle. On ambulances, a green beacon indicates the command vehicle when multiple units are responding to an incident - usually this is the first vehicle that arrives on the scene. Newer ambulance models also have a text display that will alternate the words "Ambulance" and "Spoed" (urgent). When ever the vehicles are on scene (usually fire brigade vehicles and some police vans), or staying in place for an other reason, they need to switch to amber lighting to signal that they are not moving.

Belgium

Belgian law prohibits red lights facing forward and therefore emergency vehicles normally only use blue lights (red lights are allowed at the rear). Other agencies and authorities that are permitted to carry blue lights on their service or intervention vehicles include the customs administration, the military police, the service for the removal and destruction of explosive devices, the governors of the provinces, the civil defense service, the security service of the railroad network, Infrabel and utility companies.[22]

Sweden

Blue Police vehicles, medical vehicles and fire engines use white along with dark "euro" blue to improve visibility during daylight hours. Blue lights are also allowed to be used on vehicles of "vital importance to the community". This means response vehicles from gas companies and electrical companies may use blue lights and sirens, vehicles use by railroad/tram/metro fast response units including private tow operators that are contracted to lift trams, vehicles of the Swedish Military Police and vehicles of the Swedish Customs Service. Vehicles that transport blood or donor organs may also use blue lights and sirens. Cars carrying armed security officers (tasked with protecting embassies, airports and government buildings) may use blue lights and sirens if responding to an alarm.

Yellow/amber lights grant no priority in traffic and exist purely to advertise the vehicle's presence, and as warning: Heavy machines, trucks, bulldozers and suchlike are equipped with yellow/amber lights, and also slow-going vehicles, and all vehicles that operate in a place where you are not supposed to normally encounter a vehicle. Fitting these lights to other vehicles, such as privately owned or pedestrian, is legal.

Red The Swedish police use a forward-facing red light to indicate that a driver must pull over and stop. Fire vehicles use a red light to designate the command post.

Green Swedish ambulances use a single green flashing light to indicate the command post.

France

Blue : When responding, emergency vehicles (including Police cars) are required to have, at least, one -360 degrees visible- blue light on the roof. French law strictly states what kind of blue lights and sirens an emergency vehicle can displays, with 2 different categories. [23]

Amber : For any emergency vehicle, amber lights can be used with or without blue, to warn other drivers the emergency vehicle is stopped or slow. Non-emergency vehicles allowed to use amber include agricultural, construction, utility, over-sized, tow and airport vehicles.
Green, Red, White or Purple are not considered emergency lights, but the two first ones are often used on the roof of command vehicles (on scene of incidents).

Latvia

Mostly all the emergency vehicles are equipped with roof lightbars that are:

The gas emergency service (Avārijas dienests/Gāzes avārijas dienests) and the firefighter cars are equipped with the dark blue beacons on top. The gas emergency service vehicles don't have lightbars. The Police cars are the only ones that have dark blue dash flashers.

Amber lights generally designate non-emergency or slow movement vehicles such as tow trucks, tractors, combine harvesters or construction equipment.

Russia

Romania

Three types of light are used: red, blue and amber. At a red rotating light, stopping (outside of the way) is compulsory, for a blue light slowing down and moving out of the way is compulsory, and an amber light means proceed with caution due to over-sized or slow vehicle.

The cars that are allowed to use a red rotating light are: Police, Firefighters.

Cars that are allowed to use a blue rotating light are: Police (including Local Police), Gendarmerie, Border Police, Ambulance (including SMURD), Civil Protection, Ministry of National Defense, Special Units of the Romanian Intelligence Service, Protection and Guard Service, Ministry of Justice - General Directorate of Prisons, Public Ministry - when in mission, National Anticorruption Directorate - when in mission, and Financial Guard vehicles.

The amber rotating light means: over-sized vehicle (and accompanying vehicles), overweight vehicle (and accompanying vehicles), dangerous transport, road/street maintenance, tow vehicles, tractors, agricultural vehicles.

Norway

Mostly blue.[24]

Greece

Police used to have blue-colored emergency lights but after a recent restock of vehicles, now the use of both blue and red color is usual. Fire Departments make use of red only emergency light while ambulances either use red or both colors. Regulation also states that the Military as well as vehicles carrying politicians can make use of a single rotating blue light at the roof. Every other individual and/or company may use yellow lights for either warning or emergency. Special groups like Emergency Response teams and agents may also include emergency lights on their private vehicles in case of an emergency when not in active duty. All utility vehicles such as construction related, tow trucks must be equipped with a yellow-colored emergency light bar on the top, clearly visible from the front and rear side. The same applies for private security firm vehicles, that are in generally treated like typical private cars.

Slovenia

United Kingdom

Blue lights

The Light Bar on top of a Northumbria Police Car (England)

Usage of emergency vehicle lighting is restricted in the United Kingdom through the Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989.[25] It is illegal for any vehicle to show a flashing colored light (with the exception of the normal direction indicators or a green anti-lock brake warning indicator), unless it is an emergency or other authorized vehicle.[26] However recently pedal cycles can exhibit a flashing rear red lamp and flashing white front lamp.[27]

The main color for emergency service vehicles is overwhelmingly blue, although there is also widespread use of flashing (white) headlights, and all police vehicles have a set of two rear-facing red flashing lights to indicate that the police car is stopped. The legal definition of an emergency vehicle limits the use of both methods to vehicles used for:[28]

Blue flashing lights must only be lit at the scene of an emergency, or when the driver considers it desirable to indicate that the journey being undertaken is urgent,[30] and (in terms of the law) convey to other drivers that they should take special care.[31]

Six Metropolitan Police Service Special Escort Group motorcycles driving with blue lights flashing.

Although not specifically linked to the use of warning beacons, the police, fire brigade and ambulance services (and in certain cases, the blood services and bomb disposal units, but not the other emergency services listed above) may also choose to allow their drivers to claim legal exemptions from certain motoring regulations, such as being able to treat a red traffic light as a give way sign,[32] exceeding the speed limit,[33] passing the wrong side of a keep left/right sign,[34] driving in a bus lane,[35] or parking in restricted areas.[36] They may not, however, ignore "no entry" signs, drive the wrong way down a one-way street or cross a solid white line in the middle of the road (other than the same exceptions granted everyone else, for example to pass a stationary vehicle). In reality some drivers will disobey other laws at their professional judgement but they do so without any automatic protection from the law.[37] Some services, such as HM coastguard do not allow all their staff to claim all the exemptions available to them.

No qualification other than a driver's license is legally required to use blue lights; whilst provision has been made to require the drivers of emergency vehicles to have suitable training if they will be driving above the speed limit,[38] this has not yet been brought into force. However most organizations will insist that their drivers are trained in emergency driving techniques.

The common combination of blue flashing lights with two-tone sirens has led to 'blues and twos' becoming a nickname for the core emergency services as a whole, as well as the title of a British documentary series depicting them.

Amber/yellow lights

Amber lights grant no priority in traffic and exist purely to advertise the vehicle's presence. The Regulations specifies several classes of vehicles which may use amber lights, such as towing, highway maintenance, pilot vehicles escorting an oversize load, and vehicles unable to travel over 25 mph[39] and fitting these lights to other vehicles(such as privately owned or pedestrian) is legal (these beacons are widely fitted to vehicles as wide ranging as security and ambulances).

Amber LEDs are widely used on operational appliances owned by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. The combination of blue and amber LEDs in a light bar are proven to be more visible at a distance. Amber lights are also utilised by the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA)

Other lights

Green emergency lighting is used by doctors on emergency calls, but it grants no privileges or exemptions from traffic laws. Royal Park Estate Wardens are also authorised to use Green Emergency Warning Lights.[40]

Flashing red lights are not generally allowed on vehicles, though many emergency vehicles have rear-facing flashing red lights, which are used to signify that the vehicle is stationary. These are, however, specifically prohibited by the Regulations.[26][41] Hazard lights may be wired to function at the same time, to make civilians further conscious of their presence. Fog lights may also be used in an alternating left/right pattern.

Steady checkered lights denote command and control vehicles - these are red and white for fire (one of the few situations where a forward-facing red light may be shown), blue and white for police and green and white for ambulance,[42] and are often fitted in the middle of the light bar.

It should also be noted that UK legislation considers all lights, reflectors and reflective material to be lights, and all items resembling special warning beacons (of any color) must be covered and not just disconnected (as this is a separate offence)[43] while on the public highway.[44] Similarly, no distinction is made between lights mounted on light bars and those mounted anywhere else on the vehicle (e.g. headlights, indicators, brake lights) - all are covered by the same regulations.

Hong Kong

Under Hong Kong Law, Chapter 374G of the Road Traffic (Traffic Control) Regulations: Section 46 Giving way to animals, police vehicles, ambulances, etc., drivers must yield to vehicles who are sounding siren and/or flashing light bars.

Indonesia

Under the Indonesian Legislation number 22 year of 2009 section 59 the colors and users of lightbars are:

Japan

A Japanese Police Car with a PATLITE AWS light bar
NEXCO East Japan patrol car with amber and red light bar.

Red is the most used color on Japanese emergency vehicles. The Japanese police uses light bars mounted on a raised (mechanical) platform to make them more visible over congested streets. Rotating lights are most commonly used. But some newer vehicles have LED light bars installed. Vehicles with any other light color than red are security or engineers. Wig-wag headlights are not used.

New Zealand

Typical New Zealand Police patrol vehicle with current LED lightbar, LED dash lighting and alternating headlights.

In New Zealand, the colors used on lightbars and beacons are defined by the New Zealand Transport Authority regulations.[45][46]

Volunteers in general are afforded no special privileges and cannot use flashing lights or sirens in order to navigate traffic. However, volunteer Operational Support(ex Fire Police ) members who respond to calls in their own private vehicles may be authorized by their unit or brigade to display a red beacon, for reasons of safety and identification. However, these lights may only be fitted and operational while stationary at an emergency scene, not while mobile in traffic.

South Korea

United States of America

A security officer's personal vehicle from the state of Georgia (who worked in Tennessee), with a green lightbar on its roof and spotlight on the driver's door. Green flashing lights are illegal on moving vehicles in Georgia and are for stationary incident command posts.

In the USA, colors are generally regulated at the state and local levels, but there are some commonalities.

  • A near universal exception to this rule is school buses which are allowed to use rear and forward-facing, usually alternatively phased flashing red lights just before, during, and after passenger loading & unloading as a signal for all other traffic to stop.
  • In Iowa, red lights can also be used on a funeral hearse, but only during funerals.
  • In Washington State, red lights are used on tow trucks, but only if the vehicle is not in motion. Most tow trucks mount rear-facing red lights to be used in sync with the vehicle's normal stop lights.
  • In Wisconsin, tow trucks are required to be equipped with red lights but such lights may be operated only when the tow truck is standing on or near the traveled portion of a highway preparatory to towing or servicing a disabled vehicle.
  • In California, emergency vehicles must display at least one forward-facing steady-burn red light.(par36)Some exceptions are occasionally made for individual vehicles.
  • In New York, emergency vehicles must only display red lighting to the front and sides of the vehicle, with white lighting being optional. Blue lights are only permitted to be displayed to the rear.
  • In Michigan, emergency road service vehicles such as tow trucks are allowed to use red warning lights only when stationary.
  • Amber is usually the most permissively regulated color.
  • In California, emergency vehicles must display at least one rearward-facing flashing amber light.(par 36)
  • White is rarely used as the only color on a lightbar, though some states[Note 1] require flashing white beacons on the rear of school buses as a rear end collision prevention measure.
  • Historically White was used in combination with Red bulb lenses in the Federal signal company Beacon Ray introduced in the late 1940's and the later 1960's and 70's model P A lights equipped with Clear domes thru the1980's' when revolving bulb and reflector type emergency lighting including the later 1970's Twinsonic and aerodynamic light bars were supplanted with newer strobe types.the clear dome extended Hi base 4-Bulb Beacon Ray with colored lenses over the bulbs were used extensively in the 1960's by the NYPD with two red bulbs alternated with a white bulb and an amber bulb canted upwards at a 45 degree angle so the amber flash would reflect off upper floor building windows for added attention/visibility.this Clear dome colored bulb lens combination also found extensive use across the US as Fire apparatus and ambulance lighting .
  • Certain railroad-related machines, like fueling tankers,track maintenance and switching engines, may also use a flashing white light. Certain government vehicles, such as rural mail delivery vehicles, use a flashing white beacon in some states.
  • Green emergency lighting is used on vehicles which are protecting nuclear facilities, oil & gas depots, water storage facilities and dams, gas pipelines, airports, defense facilities, maritime facilities, and all other areas which are at a high risk of terrorist attacks.
  • Green emergency lighting is also used by private security agencies securing certain government buildings and establishments where terrorist organizations may also target.However in the State of Florida, Green is allowed for use by all private Security vehicles only in combination with Amber lights.(Florida state legislation is pending to also allow flashing Clear/White lights in combination with Amber/Green Security patrol lights for Added visibility.)
  • Green and blue emergency lighting is used by some counter-terrorism agencies whilst responding to terrorist incidents, so as to distinguish the specialist agencies from other emergency departments.
  • In the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, green and blue is used by Homeland & National Security agencies by Municipal Police Forces in addition to counter-terrorism security agencies.
  • In Washington State, under the provisions of RCW 46.37.185, a firefighter may use a green light on their privately owned vehicle with the approval of the fire chief of the department they are employed by. The green light is used for identification purposes only and does not convey any special rights or status to the vehicle.
  • In Oregon, and some other states, the "command" vehicle at a fire scene may use a green light to identify its location.
  • In Tennessee, motorcycles in funeral processions use green lights.
  • In Ohio, snowplows used by the Ohio Department of Transportation use a combination of green and amber lights.
  • In New York Connecticut and Indiana Volunteer EMTs use Green lights
  • In New Mexico and Texas, tow trucks may have blue lights in combination with amber.
  • In Texas, light construction and utility vehicles commonly use blue in combination with amber.
  • In California, blue lights may only be used on vehicles operated by Peace Officers, as defined under California Penal Code 830.1 to 830.38. (California Vehicle Code 25258(b))
  • Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Minnesota, and Nebraska also use blue lights on snowplows.[49][50][51]

Police

Police agencies may use red, blue, or both, depending on the state, along with white and amber as optional colors; although amber is usually restricted to face behind the vehicle. Some police cars have an amber traffic-control stick, or "arrow stick", behind the lightbar to direct traffic left or right around the vehicle; these usually have 6 or 8 rear-facing lights that flash in sequence.

Some privately operated special police are allowed to display the same colors as regular police, generally, if they receive their special police authority at the state level. This can include railroad, university, hospital, and humane society police departments and Animal control and regulatory officers,Fish and Wildlife conservation officers and State park rangers, and Beach Safety lifeguards that are law enforcement certified.[56]

Fire and EMS

1960s-70s era Fire truck with Federal signal Beacon Ray emergency light and siren mounted on top

Fire and emergency medical services generally use red lights with amber and white as optional colors. Vehicles operated by fire departments, such as fire engines and heavy rescue vehicles, prominently use red, a color with strong cultural associations with the fire service, along with some amber and white. Some more modern fire trucks use a yellow-green color, however.

Many fire chiefs' cars have, in addition to the red lights, a single green beacon to indicate command post status. On the other hand, in Chicago and some nearby communities, fire vehicles show a green light on the right, or starboard, side of the vehicle, reflecting nautical tradition.[57]

Emergency medical vehicles, such as ambulances and paramedic fly-cars, generally use white, amber, and red as well. Some states have a specific rule authorizing light colors for EMS vehicles, while some EMS vehicles "inherit" their light colors from the fire or police department they are operated by or contracted to, and may show blue lights.

The National Fire Protection Association publishes the NFPA-1901 standards for fire vehicles,[58] which specifies the degree of lighting on various parts of the vehicles, with some flexibility as to color. There is also a GSA procurement specification for ambulances known as KKK-A-1822-F,[59] which many local authorities follow.

Volunteer Personnel

A New Jersey EMT's vehicle at night with lights flashing.

Many U.S. states allow volunteer fire, EMS and Search and Rescue personnel to place emergency warning lights in their personal vehicles for use when responding to emergencies. The degree of lighting is mandated by law and also by local custom in most areas, and can vary from a single rotating light on the dashboard or roof, to a setup much like modern police cruisers. Some states also allow volunteer use of sirens and air horns to request the right of way.

Virginia state law allows emergency personnel to equip one private vehicle "with no more than two flashing or steady-burning red or red and white combination warning lights".[60]

In some states, volunteers are allowed to use the normal red lights, while in other states volunteers must use some other color, usually blue or green. In the latter case, the lights are used as a courtesy to "request" the right of way and generally do not mandate pulling over. Some states, such as Pennsylvania, limit volunteer use of red lights to chiefs and captains of squads.

Separate colors may be used for fire versus EMS volunteers. In Connecticut, Indiana, and New York, volunteer firefighters use blue while volunteer EMTs use green. In New Jersey, volunteer fire and ambulance personnel use blue lights in their personal vehicles while responding to their stations. In NJ red lights are only allowed for emergency vehicles, fire chiefs, chief officers of first aid or rescue squads, or other law enforcement vehicles. In Iowa, volunteer firefighters can use flashing blue lights on their personal vehicles, while volunteer EMTs can use flashing white (clear) lights.

New York also certifies some volunteer EMTs to use red lights and sirens provided their vehicles carry certain equipment;[61] this is often used by Hatzolah volunteers in the NYC area. Typically in New York state, volunteer firefighters use blue lights in their personal vehicles and volunteer EMS use green lights. This may generate confusion, as green lights are also used to signify an incident command vehicle. In the state of Texas, "a private vehicle of a volunteer firefighter or a certified emergency medical services employee or volunteer when responding to a fire alarm or medical emergency" is considered an "authorized emergency vehicle" and may use alternately flashing lighting equipment or may be equipped with a siren, exhaust whistle, or bell.[62]

The conflicting color assignments can create issues for volunteers who drive their vehicles out of state. One color in their state may mean firefighter or EMT when in another state it may mean police. While some authorities may be satisfied with covering the lights with an "Out Of Service" tarp, compliance may be more difficult in other jurisdictions. For example, Arkansas bars civilian possession of blue lights on or in a vehicle unless sealed in the manufacturer's original package.[63]

Utility Vehicles

Private Security Car with Amber/Yellow Lightbar on top.

Yellow lights are often used on vehicle involved in non-emergency work. Most utility companies, towing services, oversize load vehicles, slow vehicles, and certain types of construction equipment mount some type of lightbar or lighting system for a higher degree of visibility.

In Detroit, Michigan, Angels' Night volunteers will patrol neighborhoods with yellow lights to help deter vandalism during Devil's Night and Halloween. Typically these lights are the single beacon kind, although lightbars have been used for vehicles of this type, especially on wreckers/tow trucks.

In Memphis, Tennessee most city maintenance vehicles (including MLG&W utility trucks) with flashing lights use yellow lights; however, some vehicles with the traffic engineering department use red flashing lights, especially vehicles equipped with cherry pickers used to repair traffic signals.

In states that do not enforce specific rules about green, yellow or white lights, these colors are often used by entities like private security companies which may be ineligible to use blue or red lights but wish to distinguish themselves from utility vehicles. Security vehicles generally use their lights on private property,in addition some security vehicles are off road only such as ATV and Golf cart type vehicles. and in most jurisdictions security vehicles are generally not allowed a "courtesy" or "emergency" status on public roads.

Optional colors

While certain colors are customarily used by different services, often other colors are optionally used, such as amber and white. Sometimes, this is done to satisfy particular regulations; for example, California requires a steady red light facing forward and a flashing amber light to the rear on every emergency vehicle.[64]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire engines.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambulances.

Notes

  1. ↑ Alabama, Arkansas, Rhode Island, Florida,Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Maryland, West Virginia, South Dakota, Texas, Louisiana, and Kentucky require flashing white lights on school buses

References

  1. ↑ e.g. Preco's 7600 series
  2. ↑ Binning, Elizabeth (11 November 2008). "Arresting image update to save police force $800,000". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
  3. ↑ "Accidents: Traffic LED Light Can't Melt Snow". Findlaw. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  4. 1 2 Cook, Sharon; Claire Quigley; Laurence Clift (March 2000). "Motor vehicle and pedal cycle conspicuity: part 1- vehicle mounted warning beacons. Summary report.". DfT Report; PPAD 9/33/13. Loughborough University.
  5. ↑ Harding, Graham F.A.; Peter M. Jeavons (1994). Photosensitive Epilepsy. London: Mac Keith Press. p. 163. ISBN 1-898683-02-6."neither car indicators nor flashing warning lights on emergency vehicles constitute a risk, as they are restricted to 2 f/s or less"
  6. ↑ Cook (2000:§5.3.1)
  7. ↑ Cook, Sharon; Claire Quigley; Laurence Clift (June 1999). "Motor vehicle and pedal cycle conspicuity - part 3: vehicle mounted warning beacons. Final report.". DfT Report; PPAD 9/33/13. Loughborough University. p. 98.
  8. ↑ Wells, Jr., Lt. James D. (March 2004). "Florida Highway Patrol: Emergency Lighting Research & Prototype Evaluation" (PDF). International Association of Chiefs of Police. pp. 5, 8.
  9. ↑ Cook (2000:§5.1.1)
  10. ↑ http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/registration/downloads/vsi/vsi_08_flashing_lights_and_sirens_rev_4_1__nov_2010.pdf
  11. ↑ New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority: Flashing lights and sirens
  12. ↑ A council ranger is a type of peace officer found in Australia who enforces municipal ordinances, and has limited police powers.
  13. ↑ "flickr.com". flickr.com. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  14. ↑ McGuinty Government Continues To Keep Families Safe On Ontario's Roads Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ Cairns, Alan (2007-04-13). "Roof lights changing from white to blue". The Globe and Mail.
  16. ↑ "Ontario Highway Traffic Act R.S.O. 1990: Flashing blue light on snow-removal equipment". E-laws.gov.on.ca. 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  17. ↑ "Ontario Regulation 484/07: Lamps — use of flashing red or green lights". E-laws.gov.on.ca. 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  18. 1 2 "Alberta Highway Traffic Regulation 155/97". Canlii.org. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  19. ↑ Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation - Snowplows
  20. ↑ McKenzie, Grant (July 2000). "How Safe are Funeral Processions?". TheFuneralDirectory.com.
  21. ↑ "Authorization to Equip Hearses and Official Funeral Vehicles with a Flashing Purple Lighting Device" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  22. ↑ Article 28 §2, regarding the technical aspects that cars, their trailers and their safety attachments must conform to, March 15, 1968 (in Dutch). Retrieved on October 18, 2015.
  23. ↑ http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=D9C2503AA65A0F350BC24F064A54BAEA.tpdjo04v_3?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006057859&dateTexte=20110221
  24. ↑ http://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/1986-03-21-747
  25. ↑ "The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989 (Statutory Instrument 1989/1796)". Office of Public Sector Information. 1989. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  26. 1 2 "Regulation 13 (Lamps to Show a Steady Light) of the Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". OPSI. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  27. ↑ The Road Vehicles Lighting (Amendment) Regulations 2005 Reg 6
  28. ↑ Definition of "Emergency vehicle" in Regulation 3 of "The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". HMSO. Later additions and amendments in Regulation 3 of The Road Vehicles Lighting (Amendment) Regulations 2005 and Regulation 3 of The Road Vehicles Lighting and Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2009
  29. ↑ "The Road Traffic Exemptions (Special Forces) (Variation and Amendment) Regulations 2011". 23 March 2011. Retrieved April 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  30. ↑ "Regulation 27 (line 6 of the table) of The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989".
  31. ↑ "Regulation 54", The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002, UK Statute Law Database
  32. ↑ "Regulation 36(1)(b)", The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002, UK Statute Law Database (NB: police, fire brigade, ambulance, bomb disposal, and blood service vehicles only)
  33. ↑ "Section 87", The Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984, UK Statute Law Database (NB: police, fire brigade and ambulance vehicles only. Not, apparently, bomb disposal or blood service vehicles.)
  34. ↑ "Regulation 15(2)", The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002, UK Statute Law Database (NB: police, fire brigade, ambulance, bomb disposal, and blood service vehicles only)
  35. ↑ "Schedule 19, paragraph 4", The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002, UK Statute Law Database (NB: police, fire brigade and ambulance vehicles only. Not, apparently, bomb disposal or blood service vehicles.)
  36. ↑ "Regulations 26(5)(b) and 27(3)(c)", The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002 (NB: police, fire brigade and ambulance vehicles only. Not, apparently, bomb disposal or blood service vehicles.)
  37. ↑ Picton, Stephen. "Blues & Phews!" (PDF). Driving magazine. Croydon: Safety House (July/August 2006): 15. "In fact he has only three legal exemptions, and these with caveats: he can exceed the speed limit, if proved necessary (but can still technically be prosecuted for dangerous driving or for driving without due care and attention); he can go through a red light, on the understanding that it is treated in the same way as a Give Way or Stop sign; and he can go to the wrong side of a keep left/right sign."
  38. ↑ Section 87 (Prospective Version) of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 as inserted by section 19 of the Road Safety Act 2006
  39. ↑ "Regulation 11(2)(l) of The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". 1989. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  40. ↑ "Regulation 11(2)(m) of The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". 1989. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  41. ↑ "Regulation 11 of The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". 1989. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  42. ↑ "Regulation 11(2)(h)-(j) of The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". 1989. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  43. ↑ "Regulation 23 of The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". 1989. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  44. ↑ "Regulation 16 of The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". 1989. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  45. 1 2 "Land Transport NZ: Vehicle Lighting 2004, Rule 32005". Landtransport.govt.nz. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  46. ↑ "Land Transport NZ: 2004 summary". Ltsa.govt.nz. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  47. ↑ In New Zealand, a traffic management agency provides civilian flaggers to direct traffic at road construction sites.
  48. ↑ https://www.nzta.govt.nz/commercial-driving/permits/overweight-overdimension-permit/driving-overdimension-vehicles/
  49. ↑ Alaska Code §11.13.04.100: Flashing blue lights on vehicles Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ Stidger, Ruth W. "Safer Winter Maintenance". Better Roads Magazine. James Informational Media, Des Plaines (October 2003).
  51. ↑ "Nebraska Code § 60-6,230: Lights; rotating or flashing; colored lights; when permitted". Law.justia.com. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  52. ↑ LED Purple Funeral Lights
  53. ↑ "Florida Statute 316.1974: Funeral procession right-of-way and liability". Flsenate.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  54. ↑ "Code of Virginia §46.2-1025: Flashing amber, purple, or green warning lights". Leg1.state.va.us. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  55. ↑ West Virginia Code §17C-15-19. Additional lighting equipment. Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ↑ jag9889 No real name given (2008-06-30). "ASPCA Police car". Flickr.com. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  57. ↑ "Why does the Chicago Fire Department outfit their trucks and stations with green lights?". Hot Times newsletter. University Park, IL: Federal Signal Corporation. June 2007.
  58. ↑ "NFPA 1901: Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus". Nfpa.org. 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  59. ↑ "GSA Automotive: Federal Vehicles Standards". Apps.fss.gsa.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  60. ↑ "Virginia Personal Emergency Vehicle Lights". Uclue.com. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  61. ↑ "NYS Department of Health: Authorizing Private Vehicles as EASV's (Use of Red Lights & Sirens)". Health.state.ny.us. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  62. ↑ "Texas Department of Public Safety: Red, White, or Blue Lights". Retrieved 2015-01-20.
  63. ↑ Arkansas Motor Vehicle and Traffic Laws § 27-36-301: Violations Archived June 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  64. ↑ "CA Vehicle Code §25252: Warning Lamps on Authorized Emergency Vehicles". Dmv.ca.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
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