Polish legislative election, 1947

Polish legislative election, 1947
Poland
January 17, 1947 (1947-01-17)
All 444 seats in the Sejm
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Leader Bolesław Bierut Stanisław Mikołajczyk Tadeusz Michejda
Party BD PSL SP
Leader since December 22, 1948 January 21, 1946 1946
Seats won 394 28 12
Seat change Increase 394 Increase 28 Increase 12
Popular vote 9,003,682 1,154,847 530,979
Percentage 80.1% 10.3% 4.7%
  Fourth party
 
Leader Bronisław Drzewiecki
Party PSL "NW"
Leader since 1947
Last election Does not exist
Seats won 7
Seat change Increase 7
Popular vote 397,754
Percentage 3.5%
Premier before election

Edward Osóbka-Morawski
PPS

 Premier

Józef Cyrankiewicz
PPS

Poland
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Poland

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 January 1947,[1] the first since World War II. According to the official results, the Democratic Bloc (Blok Demokratyczny), dominated by the communist Polish Workers Party (PPR) and also including the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), People's Party (SL), Democratic Party (SD) and non-partisan candidates, gained 80.1% of the vote and 394 of the 444 seats in the Legislative Sejm. The largest opposition party, the Polish People's Party, was officially credited with 28 seats. However, the elections were characterized by rampant intimidation and violence; all non-communist and/or anti-communist opposition candidates and activists were persecuted by the Volunteer Reserve Militia (ORMO) with almost 100,000 functionaries armed with guns, deployed across the country in order to ensure a communist victory.[2] The results were falsified on a massive scale. According to one of the Soviet officials who helped orchestrate the fraud, the Democratic Bloc had actually won about 50% of the votes at most.[3][4] In turn, the opposition claimed that it would have won a decisive victory had the election been conducted fairly.[5]

The election gave the Soviets and the communist-dominated Polish satellite government[6] enough legitimacy to claim that Poland was 'free and democratic', and allowing Poland to sign the charter of the United Nations.[7]

Background

By 1946, Poland was mostly under the control of the Soviet Union and its proxies, the PPR. In 1946 the communists already tested their strength by falsifying the Polish people's referendum, 1946 ("3xYES Referendum") [8] and banning all right-wing parties (under the pretext of their pro-Nazi stance). By 1947 the only remaining legal opposition was the Polish People's Party of Stanisław Mikołajczyk, which refused to join the communist alliance.[9][10]

Although the Yalta agreement called for free elections in Poland, the January 1947 elections held under the supervision of the PPR were not free.[11] The election law, introduced before the elections, allowed the government – which since its establishment in 1944 by the Polish Committee of National Liberation had been dominated by the Communists – to remove over half a million people from the electoral rolls, under false accusations of collaboration with the Nazis or 'anti-government bandits' (i.e., Armia Krajowa and other Polish resistance movements loyal to the Polish government in exile). Over 80,000 members of the Polish People's Party were arrested under various false charges in the month preceding the election, and around 100 of them were murdered by the Polish Secret Police (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB).[12] 98 opposition parliamentary candidates were also crossed from the registration lists under these accusations. In some regions the government disqualified the entire People's Party list under various technical and legal pretenses, most commonly in regions known to be People's Party strongholds.[12]

The electoral fraud was organized and closely monitored by UB specialists, who worked closely with their Soviet counterparts like Aron Pałkin and Siemion Dawydow, both high-ranking officers from the Soviet MGB. Bolesław Bierut, head of the provisional Polish parliament (State National Council) and acting president, asked for Soviet assistance in the election.[13] Over 40% of the members of the electoral commissions who were supposed to monitor the voting were recruited by the UB.[14]

Conduct

Opposition candidates and activists were persecuted until election day; only the PPR and its allies were allowed to campaign unhindered. The publicized results were falsified,[15] with the official results known to selected government officials long before the actual elections took place and any votes were counted.[3]

The real results were not known to anyone. In areas where the government had sufficient control, some of the ballot boxes were simply destroyed without being counted,[12] or exchanged with boxes filled with prepared votes.[13] Where possible, government officials simply filled in the numbers in the relevant documents as per instructions from Soviet and PPR officials without bothering to count the real votes.[13] In his report to Joseph Stalin, after the 1947 results, Pałkin estimated that the real results (i.e. votes cast) gave the Democratic Bloc about 50% of the vote.[3] The opposition itself estimated that it would have received about 80% of the votes[5] had the elections been free and fair.

A Time Magazine article covering the elections noted in its lead paragraph: "In a spirit of partisan exuberance tempered with terror, Poland approached its first nationwide popular election, ten days hence. By last week most of the combined opposition (Socialist and Polish Peasant Party) candidates had been jailed, and their supporters more or less completely cowed by the secret police, by striking their names from voting lists and by arrest. The Communist-dominated Government ventured to predict an "overwhelming" victory."[16]

Results

Party Votes % Seats
Democratic Bloc9,003,68280.1394
Polish People's Party1,154,84710.328
Labor Party530,9794.712
Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"397,7543.57
Local lists157,6111.43
Invalid/blank votes96,610––
Total11,341,483100444
Registered voters/turnout12,701,05889.3–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

Aftermath

Many members of opposition parties, including Mikołajczyk – who would have likely become the Prime Minister of Poland had the election been honest [17] – saw no hope in further struggle and, fearing for their lives, left the country.[8] Western governments issued only token protests, if any, which led many anti-Communist Poles to speak of postwar "Western betrayal". In the same year, the new Communist-dominated Legislative Sejm adopted the Small Constitution of 1947, and Bierut, who was also a citizen of the USSR, was elected president by the parliament.

With the support of a majority in its own right and the departure of Mikołajczyk, the government dropped all pretense of being a coalition. The 1947 election, therefore, marked the onset of undisguised Communist rule in Poland, though it would take another five years for a permanent constitution to become law.

Over the next few years, the Communists consolidated their grip on the country. The final step came in 1948, when they forced what remained of the Polish Socialist Party to merge with them to form the Polish United Workers Party.[18] The Polish People's Party (PSL) lingered on for a year and a half after being defeated in an election that it would have likely won had the count been honest. In 1949, the rump of the PSL merged with the pro-Communist People's Party to form the United People's Party, which was one of two legal minor parties in Poland.

References

  1. ↑ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1491 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. ↑ Piotr Osęka (February 20, 2011). "Jak ORMO czuwało". Historia (in Polish). Polityka.pl. Retrieved Sep 2, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3
  4. ↑ Eley 2002
  5. 1 2 Dariusz Baliszewski. "Wprost 24 - Demokracja urn". Wprost.pl. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  6. ↑ "Commanding Heights : Poland Overview | on PBS". PBS. 1990-01-01. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  7. ↑ Schlesinger 2003
  8. 1 2 Buchanan 2005
  9. ↑ http://www.bartleby.com/65/po/Poland.html
  10. ↑ "The Historical Setting: The Polish People's Republic". Info-poland.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  11. ↑ "Poland (01/09)". State.gov. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  12. 1 2 3 Barbara Polak, Do wyborów w 1947 r. PSL wchodzi już mocno osłabione. CENA WYGRANEJ. Biuletyn IPN, Nr 1 - 1.2002. (Polish)
  13. 1 2 3 Nikita Pietrow. "Wprost 24 - Wybory Pałkina". Wprost.pl. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  14. ↑ Co to jest RSS?. "Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl". Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  15. ↑ Wrona 1999
  16. ↑ Monday, Jan. 13, 1947 (1947-01-13). "POLAND: Free Election". TIME. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  17. ↑ Cockburn 1997
  18. ↑ "Polish History - Part 13". Poloniatoday.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-22.

Further reading

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