Port Disney

DisneySea

Logotext of Port Disney
Location Port Disney, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.
Coordinates 33°44′48″N 118°11′06″W / 33.74667°N 118.18500°W / 33.74667; -118.18500Coordinates: 33°44′48″N 118°11′06″W / 33.74667°N 118.18500°W / 33.74667; -118.18500
Theme Nautical
Owner Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Status Canceled
Port Disney
Port Disney would have been built on Queensway Bay at the mouth of the Los Angeles River.

Port Disney was a planned property of The Walt Disney Company that was to have been built on 443 acres (179 ha)[1] surrounding Queensway Bay next to the Port of Long Beach in Long Beach, California, United States. The property was to have featured a marine-themed amusement park, a marina, a cruise ship port, a specialty retail and entertainment area, and hotel accommodations. It was to be built on land occupied by the RMS Queen Mary and Hughes H-4 Hercules aircraft (nicknamed the "Spruce Goose"), which Disney acquired as a result of acquiring the Wrather company in 1989.

Port Disney was announced in July 1990, first presented to city and port officials in closed meetings, then revealed in a public meeting on July 31, 1990.[2] This was followed by the publication of The Port Disney News, which was mailed directly to homes in 1991 to drum up public support. The project was canceled in December 1991 in favor of the planned WestCOT theme park in Anaheim.[3][4] Some elements of the theme park that was to have been built at Port Disney were later incorporated into Tokyo DisneySea, which opened in 2001. On March 6, 1992, Disney announced that it would end its lease on the Queen Mary, Spruce Goose, and surrounding property; and that it would relinquish development rights to all its Long Beach properties.[3]

Port Disney planned amenities

Initial (1990) plan for Port Disney at full build-out included DisneySea, five hotels, a cruise ship port, and regular ferry and monorail service linking City-side and Port-side.

Port Disney was to be built in two phases:[5]

  1. Construction to occur from 1995–1999 for a 2000 opening
  2. Expansion to occur from 2007–2009 for a 2010 opening

The planned Port Disney final build-out included development on both sides of Queensway Bay, at the mouth of the Los Angeles River. The northern side of Queensway Bay (adjacent to Long Beach's downtown) was called the "City-side", and the southern side (adjacent to the existing freight Port of Long Beach) was called the "Port-side".[5]

Port Disney was publicly unveiled on July 31, 1990, and would have included the following attractions after the full build-out in 2010:[6][7][8]

The planned resort would have taken over the space occupied by the Spruce Goose, with the disposition of the plane unknown, and would have taken over two parcels of city parkland. The 3,900 proposed new rooms would have nearly doubled the then-4,800 room combined capacity of all hotels and motels within the city of Long Beach. The plan also called for filling 250 acres (100 ha) of ocean with 20,000,000 cubic yards (15,000,000 m3) of material[1] and asked the city to widen roads and improve infrastructure to accommodate a projected 13 million visitors per year, at a total proposed cost of US$2,000,000,000 (equivalent to $3,628,600,000 in 2015).[7] The Queen Mary would have been moved 700 feet (210 m) to a new berth.[8] The complexity of the proposed development meant that an agreement would have to be reached between Disney, the city of Long Beach, the Port of Long Beach, the California Coastal Commission, and the Army Corps of Engineers.[7]

DisneySea Theme Park

The lone theme park touted for the new property would have been named DisneySea. However the park proposed for Long Beach at Port Disney would have been different from the DisneySea park that was eventually built in Tokyo.

Proposed attractions for the Long Beach DisneySea included:[6][7][8][9]

Port Disney News

Name changes in Port Disney Plan
Jul 1990
(Master Plan)[6]		 Sep 1991
(Port Disney News)[9]
DisneySea DisneySea Theme Park
Marina Hotel Marina Villa Hotel
Tidelands Hotel Tidelands Convention Hotel
Shoreline Hotel Shoreline Suites Hotel
Canal Hotel Regatta Hotel
(west, adjacent to new marina)
Canal Hotel
(east, adjacent to Queen Mary)
Port Hotel Port Hotel
The Quay Treasure Lagoon Park
WorldPort International Port
unnamed Port-side marinasQueensway Bay Marina
(near Regatta Hotel)
Pier J Marina
(near Cruise Ship Port)

The illustrative site plan presented in the Port Disney News brochure distributed to Long Beach residents had a slightly different layout and names for some of the featured attractions. The Canal Hotel was now split into two hotels, the Regatta Hotel (on the west side) and the Canal Hotel (on the east side). In addition, The Quay was now an enclosed park and renamed Treasure Lagoon Park.[9]

History

Acquisition of Wrather Corporation

Wrather Corporation, which owned the Disneyland Hotel in Anaheim and leased the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions in Long Beach, was acquired in late September 1987 by a new company formed as a equal partnership between the Walt Disney Company and Industrial Equity (Pacific) Ltd. of Hong Kong (IEP). IEP itself was controlled by Ronald Brierley and had already amassed 28% of the approximately 10.1 million publicly-traded shares of Wrather Corporation. The remaining 72% of shares (7.3 million shares) were purchased by the Disney-IEP partnership at a cost of US$21 (equivalent to $43.81 in 2015) per share, for a total indicated price of US$152,300,000 (equivalent to $317,760,000 in 2015).[10] Wrather had previously rejected an unsolicited offer in August 1987 from Disney at US$21.50 (equivalent to $44.86 in 2015) per share. Disney bought out IEP in March 1988 at a total indicated price of US$85,200,000 (equivalent to $170,759,595 in 2015), which was an offer on half the partnership's shares acquired in 1987 at a cost of US$23.49 (equivalent to $47.08 in 2015) per share. In doing so, Disney obtained sole ownership of the Disneyland Hotel and Long Beach attraction leases.[11]

Since Wrather owned land adjacent to Disneyland, the acquisition of Wrather meant Disney could now either expand Disneyland or add a retail and entertainment district near the 1955 theme park. However, Wrather also held the rights to lease and develop 236 acres (96 ha) near the Queen Mary, though much of that land was underwater, giving Disney the option to build a new park in Long Beach.[12] By June 1989, Disney had already advanced a concept for an oceanfront theme park using the Queen Mary as a backdrop. As a first step, Disney won the right to develop a hotel on a 14.8 acres (6.0 ha) site near the intersection of Pine Avenue and Shoreline Drive, across the Queensway Bay from the Queen Mary.[13]

Competition with Anaheim

In January 1990, Disney announced that a new $1-billion theme park would be built in either Long Beach or Anaheim, with Disney chairman Michael Eisner saying with typical tact "It depends a lot on which community wants us more." While Disney only owned 66 acres (27 ha) in Anaheim for development (with the acquisition of the Disneyland Hotel), it held much larger options in Long Beach: the ex-Wrather Queen Mary and Spruce Goose leases for 55 acres (22 ha) and an option to develop an additional 256 acres (104 ha) of ocean. Long Beach City Councilman Evan Anderson Braude touted the existing infrastructure and transportation.[14] Eisner pointed out the Long Beach Freeway, which ends at Queensway Bay, was one of the least-used freeways in the Los Angeles region. Long Beach officials touted the unique opportunity to develop the oceanside location and were considering engineered fill, tax exemptions, and parking garages to help attract a new theme park, but stopped short of wholeheartedly endorsing the idea, saying that impacts on economy and traffic would be studied first.[15] Long Beach Mayor Ernie Kell said "That [Queensway Bay land] is some of the primest land in the world, and there are many uses for it. Yes, Disney would be a key (to the city's success.) But if Disney decides not to come here, it is not the end of the world."[16]

In contrast, Anaheim Mayor Fred Hunter took "the first opportunity before Long Beach to say the answer is, 'Yes, yes, yes,'"[15] and Anaheim "vowed to do 'almost anything' to be Disney's choice", although Mayor Hunter believed that both projects would eventually be built. Either project was anticipated to bring in millions of dollars in tax revenues to the winning city.[8] Formal negotiations for financial responsibility between Disney and Long Beach were scheduled to begin on September 12, 1990, after the city reviewed Disney's plans.[7]

Several independent analysts gave the edge to Port Disney, citing the uniqueness of the project and the lack of a similar nautical/ocean theme park in Los Angeles County since the 1987 closure of Marineland.[17] In February 1991, Disney disclosed that it had been buying large tracts of land near Disneyland in Anaheim, although Disney vice-president of development David Malmuth said the land acquisition would not affect the decision between Anaheim and Long Beach, which would be announced by the end of 1991.[18]

Local opposition

Although city officials were bullish, with City Councilman Les Robbins saying "[...] if you took a (council) vote today, it would be nine-zip to pursue Disney and leave no rock unturned," and Long Beach business owners asked the city to "bend over backward" for Disney,[16] Long Beach residents remained cool to the idea, even before the concept was presented to the public for the first time on July 31, 1990. The public unveiling followed earlier closed-door meetings presenting the concepts between Disney and city officials. Some of the representatives from 80 neighborhood associations and businesses objected to added traffic from tourists, and felt that public subsidies in the form of infrastructure improvements were not warranted for Disney, a very profitable private corporation. Still others voiced concerns that Disney, notorious for unyielding enforcement of employee grooming and dress codes, would not fill the majority of the estimated 10,000 new jobs from the local population.[2]

Schematic representation of fill required for Port Disney, orange overlay on photograph of Queensway Bay. The DisneySea theme park would have been built almost entirely on the new fill.

Michael Humphrey, then-president of the Belmont Heights Community Association, stated "[...] Long Beach might snub its nose at Disney. Who knows? We may see history in the making." The cool reception surprised Disney officials, although Disney's project director, David Malmuth, himself a resident of Long Beach, said the company would "be willing to listen and try to understand the community's concerns."[2]

Following the public unveiling, more impacts to Long Beach were noted, including:[7]

Traffic concerns were echoed by the South Coast Air Quality Management District, who felt that Disney had not fully reviewed the impact of 13 million guests per year, 70% of which were anticipated to travel by private car.[19] Critics pointed out that even with contemplated widening of the Long Beach Freeway and the new Blue Line light rail service, no real improvements to alleviate traffic were included in the Preliminary Master Plan beyond hoping that traffic to Port Disney would run opposite to the traditional commute direction.[8][6]

Following the unveiling, Disney met with community groups, contacting approximately 3,000 residents in total during meetings held, on average, three times a week, between August 1990 and February 1991.[18] Citizens of Long Beach campaigned to ensure they would have a hand in the city government's evaluation of Disney's proposal. In October 1990, a plan was approved to set up a 21-member committee, composed of nine residents (one appointed by each councilman), two residents (appointed by the mayor), and ten residents (nominated by recognized community groups).[20]

Disney touted the benefits to the city, including linking the downtown district with the waterfront. At the time, the retail tax base in Long Beach was so poor the city was unable to support a shopping mall.[8] In October 1990, Disney released a privately-commissioned study which projected that tax revenues within Long Beach would rise by $47 million and that Long Beach alone would see 23,900 new jobs, consisting of 12,400 directly employed by Disney and the rest indirectly from businesses supporting the new Port Disney.[21][5] City officials were skeptical as the numbers were provided by Disney and did not address the cost of modifications to infrastructure,[22] which were later revealed to include a request for $880 million in road improvements, made during an early round of negotiations with Disney.[23] A year later, employment issues remained, with opponents wondering whether park employees would be drawn from and reflect the diversity of Long Beach residents.[24]

Public relations effort

Disney had already commissioned a report before declaring the competition open between Long Beach and Anaheim. The report was presented internally in October 1989 and estimated the economic impacts of new resorts as a strategic tool to build governmental support. The estimated annual tax revenue for the City of Long Beach was predicted to increase by US$79,700,000 (equivalent to $152,400,000 in 2015), with the majority of the revenue increase coming from property and hotel taxes. Anaheim's annual tax revenue was estimated to increase by US$59,400,000 (equivalent to $113,590,000 in 2015), with most of that coming from property tax, hotel tax, and convention center revenue.[25] The later 1990 Port Disney Fiscal Impact Report provided a revised (decreased) annual tax revenue increase of US$55,500,000 (equivalent to $100,690,000 in 2015), again with most of the increase coming from hotel taxes. In comparison, the fiscal year 1991 city budget was estimated at only US$133,500,000 (equivalent to $242,210,000 in 2015).[5]

The Friends of Port Disney group, formed to voice support for the proposed Port Disney project and advocate for the passage of SB 1062,[9] was criticized as a sockpuppet of Disney; despite claims of independence, Disney donated the use of the Queen's Salon aboard Queen Mary for the announcement of the group's formation. Disney also allowed Friends of Port Disney to use their logo on invitations and bumper stickers.[26] The Long Beach Chamber of Commerce endorsed the project "in concept" in October 1991, contingent on assurance the project would benefit the Long Beach business community.[27]

Disney created a Port Disney project display room aboard the Queen Mary on the Promenade Deck in Picadilly Circus, open on Mondays and Wednesdays in the evening from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. The project display room included a large 6-by-6-foot (1.8 by 1.8 m) model of the proposed Port Disney project and other project components.[9]

In addition to community outreach events, Disney produced the Port Disney News publication and distributed it to Long Beach residents in 1991.[26][9] The paper was made to look like a newspaper and was used mainly to create public support for the planned property. The Port Disney News saw only one issue and was abandoned. A similar publication was produced for Virginia residents relating to the unbuilt Disney's America park.

California SB 1062

During negotiations between Disney and the California Coastal Commission, Commission members informed Disney the bulk of the proposed Port Disney project was not permitted under the Coastal Act. Recreational use was prohibited on the planned 250 acres (100 ha) of new fill.[1] California State Senator Ken Maddy and coauthors Sens. Beverly, Dills and Presley introduced Senate Bill (SB) 1062 on March 8, 1991.[28] SB 1062 was written on Disney's behalf to clarify and confirm that Disney would have the authority under the California Coastal Act to fill open waters and build Port Disney atop the fill. Later amendments to the proposed legislation would have clarified that recreation uses are permitted on new landfill, and was later amended to apply specifically to the city of Long Beach only.[29] Environmental groups, including the Sierra Club, and the California Coastal Commission opposed the bill, saying that despite the proposed changes, it would allow similar projects along the California coastline.[1] The proposed legislation was seen as threatening a habitat which supported the California brown pelican, and that it would set a dangerous precedent opening the way to offshore oil drilling.[30] Other legislators attached amendments to the proposed legislation requiring Disney to restore Southern California wetlands and set park employee diversity goals.[31]

The bill stalled in the California State Senate Natural Resouces and Wildlife Committee, where hearings for the bill were postponed four times from April–May 1991 (three times in May alone).[28][32] The Coastal Commission dropped its opposition to the bill in June 1991, overruling the recommendation from its executive director, Peter Douglas, who opposed the bill due to the projected impact on the important fish habitat in San Pedro Bay, off Long Beach.[33] During closed-door negotiations, Disney and Committee members were unable to come to a compromise on the amount Disney would be required to pay for restoring wetlands elsewhere. Committee members initially proposed a 4:1 ratio of restoration to fill, meaning Disney and the City of Long Beach would be responsible for spending approximately $100 million to restore 1,000 acres (400 ha) to compensate for the proposed 250 acres (100 ha) of fill. Eventually, the Committee proposed a 3:1 ratio (approximately $75 million and 750 acres (300 ha) restored), while Disney would not budge from their proposal for a 2:1 ratio ($50 million, 500 acres (200 ha) restored). After discontinuing negotiations, Committee members were left with the impression that Disney would defer further negotiations to 1992.[34]

Later in June 1991, the committee chairman canceled a hearing of the bill which was scheduled for June 25, 1991. State Senator/Chairman Dan McCorquodale felt that last-minute amendments submitted just before the scheduled hearing reneged on earlier promises that Disney had made to delay consideration of the bill until 1992, calling it "a highhanded effort of trying to breeze through the Legislature with a change that I think the Legislature has not wanted."[35] Local business and labor leaders endorsed the proposed legislation, urging passage to provide educational opportunities and an economic boost to the region. Disney said the project would be "dead without passage of the bill."[36] However, citing failure to reach an agreement for the specific amount it needed to spend to mitigate marine impacts, Disney shelved the legislation for further consideration in 1992.[37]

Port of Long Beach and late changes

Sources at the Port of Long Beach privately commented they wished Disney would just "dry up and blow away", citing concerns that Port Disney could interfere with operations at the busy port. When Maersk signed a renewed lease with the Port in 1991, it included an escape clause that would allow Maersk to withdraw if Port Disney affected their operations.[26]

Faced with the uncertainty of passing SB 1062 to allow recreational use on fill, Disney unveiled a revised proposal in October 1991 reducing the amount of fill required for Port Disney from 250 acres (100 ha) to 85 acres (34 ha). The revised proposal included traffic segregation measures designed to prevent lost tourists from wandering onto Port of Long Beach property, and would not decrease the overall size of the resort. In order to avoid the recreational use restriction, the land created by new fill would be used by the oceanographic research institute and port use; the DisneySea theme park would be moved onto existing Port-side land and reconfigured to fit within the land freed up by moving the Queen Mary to the cruise ship terminal and relocating (or closing) existing harbor offices and businesses.[38] At the same time, the Port Disney project was renamed to DisneySea, as some foreign customers of the Port of Long Beach thought the project included renaming the entire Port of Long Beach to Port Disney.[39]

Cancellation

A decision on whether to proceed with the Port Disney project was scheduled to be made by January 1992.[23] The mayor of Long Beach cited the issues with SB 1062, stating that he "just [doesn't] think it makes as much economic sense for Disney or the city now," in November 1991,[40] and the Port Disney project was canceled in favor of the WestCOT project in December 1991. In announcing the decision, Disney officials cited the cost of regulatory review involving 27 different government agencies on the federal, state and local levels, which could cost up to US$70,000,000 (equivalent to $121,800,000 in 2015).[41]

According to former Disney cast members, the company abandoned the idea mainly due to its significant financial problems caused by the EuroDisney Project (the cost of the construction and operation of the marina was an estimated $1 billion at the time) which ultimately led to the cancellation of the Port Disney and the planned Disney WestCOT Project in Anaheim. David Malmuth later stated "It was really my inability to muster the support that I needed within the Walt Disney Company" that led to the selection of the Anaheim proposal.[42] City of Long Beach employees say that it was abandoned because the city did not agree to make expensive improvements to the Long Beach Freeway and other roads leading to the development site as requested by Disney.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Gladstone, Mark (2 May 1991). "Focus of Disney Bill Narrowed to Appease Critics". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 Fiore, Faye (31 July 1990). "Long Beach Greets Disney With Little Amusement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  3. 1 2 Boxall, Bettina; Kopetman, Roxana (7 March 1992). "Disney Will Abandon Ship and Bail Out of Long Beach". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  4. ↑ "Disney Quits Long Beach". The New York Times. 7 March 1992. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Kotin, Regan & Mouchly, Inc. (October 1990). Summary Economic and Fiscal Impacts, "Port Disney" Long Beach, California. University of Central Florida Showcase of Text, Archives, Research & Scholarship (Report). Harrison "Buzz" Price Papers, Paper 12. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 The Walt Disney Company (July 1990). Port Disney—Long Beach, California—Preliminary Master Plan: Executive Report. University of Central Florida Showcase of Text, Archives, Research & Scholarship (Report). Harrison "Buzz" Price Papers, Paper 170. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fiore, Faye (2 August 1990). "Disney's Plan May Be a Step Back to Future for Long Beach". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fiore, Faye (1 August 1990). "Disney Unveils Plans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Port Disney News: Published as a service to the Long Beach community by the Walt Disney Corporation" (1). The Walt Disney Corporation. 1991. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  10. ↑ Delugach, Al (29 September 1987). "New Zealander and Disney Co. to Buy Wrather". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  11. ↑ Harris, Kathryn (30 March 1988). "Disney Buys Out Wrather Partner for $85.2 Million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Galante, Mary Ann (22 January 1988). "Disney, IEP Buy Wrather in $152.3-Million Deal: Disneyland Hotel, Spruce Goose and Queen Mary Added to Magic Kingdom". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  13. ↑ Woodyard, Chris (15 June 1989). "Disney Wins Rights to Downtown Site for Hotel in Long Beach". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  14. ↑ Fulton, Mary Lou; Kopetman, Roxana (12 January 1990). "$1-Billion Disney Park: Long Beach, Anaheim in Contention". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  15. 1 2 Fulton, Mary Lou (13 January 1990). "Anaheim, Long Beach Flex Muscles in Early Bidding". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  16. 1 2 Fiore, Faye (20 February 1990). "Disney's Florida Critics Warn of a Greedy Monster". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  17. ↑ Schwartz, Bob (10 May 1991). "NEWS ANALYSIS: Wherever Disney Nests, a Golden Egg Is Expected". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  18. 1 2 Woodyard, Chris; Johnson, Kevin (17 February 1991). "City Still Optimistic About Disney Park Despite Land Deal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Fiore, Faye (11 October 1990). "A Proposed Disney Resort in Long Beach Would Increase Air Pollution". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  20. ↑ Fiore, Faye (11 October 1990). "L.B. Studying How to Study Disney Plan". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  21. ↑ Woodyard, Chris; Johnson, Kevin (5 June 1991). "How Disney Park Would Benefit 2 Sites". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  22. ↑ Fiore, Faye (25 October 1990). "Bonanza Predicted by Disney Report". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  23. 1 2 Woodyard, Chris; Johnson, Kevin (18 October 1991). "Disney Projects a Decision by January". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  24. ↑ Boxall, Bettina (13 October 1991). "Promise of Jobs: Who Would Work at Port Disney, How Much Would They Be Paid?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  25. ↑ Harrison Price Co. (October 23, 1989). Anaheim/Long Beach Public Investment Negotiation Strategy (Report). The Walt Disney Corporation. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  26. 1 2 3 Fiore, Faye (26 September 1991). "Disney Public Relations Machine Is on a Roll". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  27. ↑ "Long Beach: Chamber Endorses Disney Resort Plan 'in Concept'". Los Angeles Times. 31 October 1991. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  28. 1 2 An act to add Article 4 (commencing with Section 30730) to Chapter 8 of Division 20 of the Public Resources Code, relating to coastal resources, California Senate Bill No. 1062 of 8 March 1991 (in English). Retrieved on 20 September 2016.
  29. ↑ Gladstone, Mark (9 April 1991). "Disney Seeks a Special Law for Long Beach Park". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  30. ↑ Fiore, Faye (25 May 1991). "Groups Fight Disney's Bid to Amend State Coastal Act". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  31. ↑ Gladstone, Mark (16 May 1991). "Disney Long Beach Resort Bill Hits Rough Seas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  32. ↑ Gladstone, Mark (29 May 1991). "Disney Coastal Park Plan in Rough Seas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  33. ↑ Gladstone, Mark (12 June 1991). "Long Beach Disney Plan Gets a Boost". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Gladstone, Mark (15 June 1991). "Disney Hits Impasse on Long Beach Bill". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  35. ↑ Frammolino, Ralph (20 June 1991). "Disney Broke Pledge to Delay Bill, Senators Say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  36. ↑ Fiore, Faye (23 June 1991). "Business, Labor Leaders Join in Supporting Bill for Port Disney". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  37. ↑ Gladstone, Mark (27 June 1991). "Disney Delays Push for Long Beach Theme Park". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  38. ↑ Fiore, Faye (19 October 1991). "Disney Unveils New Proposal for Port Resort". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  39. ↑ Fiore, Faye (24 October 1991). "Port Disney Becomes DisneySea to Avoid Confusion". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  40. ↑ Fiore, Faye (22 November 1991). "Long Beach Mayor Suggest DisneySea May Be the Loser". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  41. ↑ Johnson, Kevin; Woodyard, Chris (13 December 1991). "Disney Chooses Anaheim as Location for $3-Billion Resort". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  42. ↑ Clements, Stacy (November 2009). "Success And Failures Shaped Urban Developer David Malmuth" (PDF). Long Beach Business Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
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