Psionics

"Psions" redirects here. For other uses, see Psion (disambiguation).

Psionics is the study of paranormal phenomena in relation to the application of electronics.[1] The term comes from psi ('psyche') and the -onics from electronics (machine).[1][2] It is closely related to the field of radionics.[1][3] There is no scientific evidence that psionic abilities exist.[4]

History

A notable device in psionics was the Hieronymus machine. The machine was described by scientists as pseudoscientific and an example of quackery.[5][6]

Parapsychologists associated with psionics have included John Hasted and Robert G. Jahn.[1] Their experiments were heavily criticized by the scientific community due to weak controls, methodological flaws and no independent replication.[7][8][9]

Psionic abilities appear frequently in science fiction and provide characters with supernatural abilities.[10] John W. Campbell, an editor of a science fiction magazine, became excited about fringe science,[11] and went on to define psionics as "engineering applied to the mind".[12] His encouragement of psionics led author Murray Leinster and others to write stories such as The Psionic Mousetrap.[11]

Science writer Martin Gardner wrote that the study of psionics is "even funnier than dianetics or Ray Palmer's Shaver stories", and criticized the beliefs of Campbell as anti-scientific nonsense.[5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Williams, William F. (2000). Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy. Routledge. pp. 279–295. ISBN 1-57958-207-9.
  2. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  3. ↑ Raso, Jack (1992). Mystical Diets: Paranormal, Spiritual, and Occult Nutrition Practices. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 268. ISBN 0-87975-761-2.
  4. ↑ Cordón, Luis A. (2005). Popular Psychology: an Encyclopedia. Wesport (Conn.): Greenwood. p. 182. ISBN 0-313-32457-3. The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.
  5. 1 2 Gardner, Martin (1986). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science (2. rev ed.). New York: Dover Publications. pp. 347–348. ISBN 0-486-20394-8.
  6. ↑ Sladek, John (1974). The New Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Science and Occult Beliefs. New York: Stein and Day. p. 269. ISBN 9780812817126.
  7. ↑ Gardner, Martin (1991). The New Age: Notes of a Fringe-Watcher. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-87975-644-6.
  8. ↑ Hansel, C.E.M. (1989). The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 187–195. ISBN 0-87975-516-4.
  9. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick (1991). The Hundredth Monkey and Other Paradigms of the Paranormal. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 146–161. ISBN 978-0-87975-655-0.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Poul (1981). Fantasy (1st ed.). [S.l.]: Tom Doherty Associates. p. 270. ISBN 9780523485157.
  11. 1 2 Westfahl, Gary (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 167. ISBN 0313329508.
  12. ↑ Bould, Mark (2011). The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction (Paperback ed.). London: Routledge. p. 410. ISBN 0415453798. Retrieved 11 December 2015.

Further reading

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