Ptyctodontida

Ptyctodontida Temporal range: Early Devonian–Late Devonian PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Survival in modern jawed vertebrates.
Reconstruction of Rhamphodopsis threiplandi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Infraphylum:	Gnathostomata
Class:	Placodermi
Order:	Ptyctodontida Gross, 1932
Family:	Ptyctodontidae
Genera
Australoptyctodus Campbellodus Chelyophorus Ctenurella Deinodus Destnoporella Eczematolepis Goniosteus Materpiscis Palaeomylus Ptyctodopis Ptyctodus Rhamphodopsis Rhynchodus

The ptyctodontids ("folded-teeth") are the paraphyletic order Ptyctodontida of unarmored placoderms, containing the family Ptyctodontidae and, by extension, all modern gnathostomes such as chondrichthyes, bony fish and tetrapods. With their big heads, big eyes, and long bodies, the ptyctodontids bore a superficial resemblance to modern day chimaeras (Holocephali). Their armor was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck. Like the extinct and related acanthothoracids, and the living and unrelated holocephalians, most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on shellfish.

On account of their lack of armor, some paleontologists have suggested that the Ptyctodontida were not actually placoderms, but actual holocephalians, some primitive group of elasmobranch fish, or even were the ancestors of the holocephalians, including the chimaeras. Thorough anatomical examinations of whole fossil specimens reveal that the profound similarities between these two groups are actually very superficial. The major differences between them were that holocephalians have shagreen on their skin and ptyctodontids did not, that the armored plates and scales of holocephalians are made of dentine, and the armored plates and scales of ptyctodontids were made of bone, the anatomy of the craniums of holocephalians is more similar to sharks, and that of ptyctodontids were more similar to those of other placoderms, and, most importantly, the holocephalians have true teeth, while the ptyctodonts had beak-like tooth-plates.

The Ptyctodontida were the only known group of placoderms that were recognizably sexually dimorphic, in that the males had hook-like growths on their pelvic fins that were analogous to the clasping organs found in male sharks, and chimaeras. Paleontologists believe that the males of the ancestral placoderm had pelvic claspers, but the claspers were lost in the evolutionary development of each of the placoderm orders, save for the ptyctodontids (there are too few whole specimens of the primitive Stensioella heintzi to tell if the males of that species had claspers or not).

Because they had reduced armor, the ptyctodontids were once thought to be the most primitive of the placoderms. Indeed, there has been the idea that the placoderms had a gradient, of sorts, from the least armored, and most primitive forms, to the heavily armored, most advanced forms. During the 1980s and '90's, ptyctodont skulls were compared with skulls from other orders. From these analysises, this idea of a gradient from least armored to most armored in placoderms was discarded.

Inversely, ptyctodontids are now considered to be the most derived of placoderms, being ancestral and forming a gradient to modern jawed vertebrates.^[1]

Timeline of genera

References

1. Carole Burrow; Jan den Blaauwen; Michael Newman; Robert Davidson (2016). "The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland". Palaeontologia Electronica 19 (1): Article number 19.1.10A.

• Haaramo, Mikko (2003): Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: †Ptyctodontidae. Version of 2003-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-13.
• Long, John A. (1996): The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5438-5
• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Placodermi entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-20.