SPNEGO

Simple and Protected GSSAPI Negotiation Mechanism (SPNEGO), often pronounced "spenay-go", is a GSSAPI "pseudo mechanism" used by client-server software to negotiate the choice of security technology. SPNEGO is used when a client application wants to authenticate to a remote server, but neither end is sure what authentication protocols the other supports. The pseudo-mechanism uses a protocol to determine what common GSSAPI mechanisms are available, selects one and then dispatches all further security operations to it. This can help organizations deploy new security mechanisms in a phased manner.

SPNEGO's most visible use is in Microsoft's "HTTP Negotiate" authentication extension. It was first implemented in Internet Explorer 5.01 and IIS 5.0 and provided single sign-on capability later marketed as Integrated Windows Authentication. The negotiable sub-mechanisms included NTLM and Kerberos, both used in Active Directory. The HTTP Negotiate extension was later implemented with similar support in:

• Mozilla 1.7 beta^[1]
• Mozilla Firefox 0.9
• Konqueror 3.3.1^[2]
• Google Chrome 6.0.472^[3]

History

1. 19 February 1996 – Eric Baize and Denis Pinkas publish the Internet Draft Simple GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism (draft-ietf-cat-snego-01.txt).
2. 17 October 1996 – The mechanism is assigned the object identifier 1.3.6.1.5.5.2 and is abbreviated snego.
3. 25 March 1997 – Optimistic piggybacking of one mechanism's initial token is added. This saves a round trip.
4. 22 April 1997 – The "preferred" mechanism concept is introduced. The draft standard's name is changed from just "Simple" to "Simple and Protected" (spnego).
5. 16 May 1997 – Context flags are added (delegation, mutual auth, etc.). Defenses are provided against attacks on the new "preferred" mechanism.
6. 22 July 1997 – More context flags are added (integrity and confidentiality).
7. 18 November 1998 – The rules of selecting the common mechanism are relaxed. Mechanism preference is integrated into the mechanism list.
8. 4 March 1998 – An optimisation is made for an odd number of exchanges. The mechanism list itself is made optional.

• Final December 1998 – DER encoding is chosen to disambiguate how the MIC is calculated. The draft is submitted for standardisation as RFC 2478.
• October 2005 – Interoperability with Microsoft implementations is addressed. Some constraints are improved and clarified and defects corrected. Published as RFC 4178, although it is now non-interoperable with strict implementations of now-obsoleted RFC 2478.

Notes

1. Mozilla bug 17578: I want Kerberos authentication and TGT forwarding
2. "Konqueror has SPNEGO support". Apache and Kerberos tutorial. Retrieved 30 May 2005.
3. "Support for SPNEGO authentication". Google Chrome Enhancement Request. Retrieved 20 November 2010.

References

• "Internet Drafts of RFC 4178". All (Current & Expired) Internet Drafts Collection – Drafts. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
• "HTTP-Based Cross-Platform Authentication via the Negotiate Protocol". Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) library. Retrieved 8 Oct 2015.
• "using mod_auth_kerb and Windows 2000/2003 as KDC". Tutorial. Retrieved 2 December 2005.

External links

• RFC 4178 The Simple and Protected GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism (obsoletes RFC 2478).
• RFC 4559 SPNEGO-based Kerberos and NTLM HTTP Authentication in Microsoft Windows