Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska

Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska

Black Hawk, portrait by George Catlin, 1832
Total population
(442)
Regions with significant populations
United States United States
(Kansas Kansas and Nebraska Nebraska)
Languages
English, Sauk, Fox
Religion
Christianity, other
Related ethnic groups
Sauk, Meskwaki, Kickapoo, and other Algonquian peoples

The Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska is one of three federally recognized Native American tribe of Sac and Meskwaki (Fox) peoples. Their name for themselves is Nemahahaki and they are an Algonquian people and Eastern Woodland culture.[1]

Government and economic development

The Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri is headquartered in Reserve, Kansas. Their tribal chairman is Michael Dougherty, and their acting environmental director is Rick Campbell.[2]

The Sac and Fox Casino, the Boat Bar, the Chop House steak restaurant, the Deli and the Lodge buffet are all owned by the tribe and located in Powhattan, Kansas.[3]

Museum

The tribe operates the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri Tribal Museum, located in Reserve, Kansas. Founded in 1996, the museum exhibits tribal regalia and serves as a research center.[4]

History

Original two distinct tribes, the Sac and Fox joined forces during the 18th century to resist attacks by the French. The Sac traditionally referred to themselves as "People of the Yellow Earth," while the Foxes called themselves "Red Earth People."[1]

In 1804 the tribes ceded their traditional homelands to the United States. The Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri was established by an 1815 treaty, and they relocated from Iowa and Illinois to northeastern Missouri. In 1824, they moved again to the Platte Valley. Sac leader, Black Hawk led his people in a war against the United States in 1832. An 1837 treaty relocated the tribe to the Great Nemaha Reservation in Doniphan and Brown counties in Kansas.[5] After several treaties ceded more land, the Dawes Act broke tribal lands into individual allotments.[1]

In the 1880s, 360 members lived on the Sac and Fox Reservation, consisting of a 61.226 km² (23.639 sq mi) tract in southeastern Richardson County, Nebraska and northeastern Brown County, Kansas, near Falls City, Nebraska.[1]

The tribe organized in 1934 under the Indian Reorganization Act.[1] The reservation had a resident population of 217 people at the 2000 census.

During the period from the 1940s - 1960s, in which the Indian termination policy was enforced, four Kansas tribes, including the Sac and Fox Nation were targeted for termination. One of the first pieces of legislation enacted during this period was the Kansas Act of 1940 which transferred all jurisdiction for crimes committed on or against Indians from federal jurisdiction to the State of Kansas. It did not preclude the federal government from trying native people, but it allowed the state into an area of law in which had historically belonged only to the federal government.[6]

On 1 August 1953, the US Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 108 which called for the immediate termination of the Flathead, Klamath, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations.[7] A memo issued by the Department of the Interior on 21 January 1954 clarified that the reference to "Potawatomi" in the Resolution meant the Potawatomi, the Kickapoo, the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska and the Iowa tribes in Kansas.[8]

Because jurisdiction over criminal matters had already been transferred to the State of Kansas by the passage of the Kansas Act of 1940 the government targeted the four tribes in Kansas for immediate termination.[8] In February, 1954 joint hearings for the Kansas tribes were held by the House and Senate Subcommittees on Indian Affairs.[9]

The Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation tribal leader, Minnie Evans (Indian name: Ke-waht-no-quah Wish-Ken-O)[10][11] led the effort to stop termination.[12] Tribal members sent petitions of protest to the government and multiple delegations went to testify at congressional meetings in Washington, DC.[13] Tribal Council members Vestana Cadue, Oliver Kahbeah, and Ralph Simon of the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas traveled at their own expense to testify as well. The strong opposition from the Potawatomi and Kickapoo tribes helped them, as well as the Sac & Fox and the Iowa Tribe, avoid termination.[14]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Tribal History." Sac & Fox Casino. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
  2. ↑ "Federally Recognized Tribes in Region 7." US EPA Region 7. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
  3. ↑ "Sac & Fox Casino." 500 Nations. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
  4. ↑ "Tribal Museum." Sac & Fox Casino. (retrieved 11 April 2010)
  5. ↑ "Kansas Tribes . . . Past & Present: Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska", The Brown Quarterly, 6,1. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
  6. ↑ Francis, John J., Stacy L. Leeds, Aliza Organick, & Jelani Jefferson Exum. "Reassessing Concurrent Tribal–State–Federal Criminal Jurisdiction in Kansas" (PDF). Vol. 59. Kansas Law Review. p. 967. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
  7. ↑ US Statutes at Large 67:B132
  8. 1 2 http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc012737.pdf
  9. ↑ Davis, Mary B. (1996). "Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia" (book). Routledge. pp. 286–287. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  10. ↑ http://genealogytrails.com/kan/butler/1927potawatomiindians.html
  11. ↑ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=96078296
  12. ↑ http://jacksoncountyjournal.com/potawatomi-historical-timeline-p292-156.htm
  13. ↑ http://www.pbpindiantribe.com/tribal-history.aspx
  14. ↑ Davis: Native America (1996) & p. 286-287
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