Samuel R. Delany

Samuel R. Delany

Born Samuel Ray Delany, Jr.
(1942-04-01) April 1, 1942
New York City, New York, USA
Pen name K. Leslie Steiner, S. L. Kermit
Occupation Writer, editor, professor, literary critic
Nationality American
Ethnicity African-American
Education Dalton School; Bronx High School of Science
Alma mater City College of New York
Period 1962–present[1]
Genre Science fiction, fantasy, autobiography, creative nonfiction, erotic literature, literary criticism
Subject Science fiction, Lesbian and gay studies
Literary movement New Wave
Notable works Nova, Babel-17, Dhalgren, Hogg
Notable awards
Spouse Marilyn Hacker (1961–1980)
Partner Dennis Rickett (1991–present)
Children Iva Hacker-Delany
Website
www.pseudopodium.org/repress/KLeslieSteiner-SamuelRDelany.html

Samuel Ray Delany, Jr. (/dəˈleɪni/; born April 1, 1942), Chip Delany to his friends,[2] is an American author, professor and literary critic. His work includes fiction (especially science fiction), memoir, criticism, and essays on sexuality and society.

His science fiction novels include Babel-17, The Einstein Intersection (winners of the Nebula Award for 1966[3] and 1967[4] respectively), Nova, Dhalgren, and the Return to Nevèrÿon series. After winning four Nebula awards and two Hugo awards[5] over the course of his career, Delany was inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2002.[6] From January 2001 until his retirement in May 2015,[7][8] he was a professor of English and Creative Writing at Temple University in Philadelphia. In 2010 he won the third J. Lloyd Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award in Science Fiction from the academic Eaton Science Fiction Conference at UCR Libraries.[9] The Science Fiction Writers of America named him its 30th SFWA Grand Master in 2013.[10]

Life and career

Samuel Delany[lower-alpha 1] was born on April 1, 1942, and raised in Harlem. His mother, Margaret Carey Boyd Delany (1916–1995), was a library clerk in the New York Public Library system. His father, Samuel Ray Delany, Sr. (1906–1960), ran the Levy & Delany Funeral Home on 7th Avenue in Harlem, from 1938 until his death in 1960. The civil rights pioneers Sadie and Bessie Delany were his aunts; he used some of their adventures as the basis for Elsie and Corry in "Atlantis: Model 1924", the opening novella in his semi-autobiographical collection Atlantis: Three Tales. His grandfather, Henry Beard Delany, was the first black Bishop of the Episcopal Church.

The family lived in the top two floors of a three-story private house between five- and six-story Harlem apartment buildings. Delany envied children with nicknames and took one for himself on the first day of summer camp, at about age twelve, by answering "They mostly call me Chip" when asked his name.[2] Decades later Frederik Pohl called him "a person who is never addressed by his friends as Sam, Samuel or any other variant of the name his parents gave him."[2]

Delany attended the Dalton School and the Bronx High School of Science, during which he was selected to attend Camp Rising Sun, the Louis August Jonas Foundation's international summer scholarship program. Delany and poet Marilyn Hacker met on their first day together in high school in September 1956, and were married five years later in August 1961, due to her pregnancy (which later miscarried). Their marriage (which alternatively encompassed periods of cohabitation and separation, experiments in polyamory, and extramarital affairs with men and women conducted by both parties) endured for fourteen years; in 1974, they had a daughter, Iva Hacker-Delany, who spent a decade working in theater in New York City and graduated from medical school.[11][12] Delany and Hacker permanently separated in 1975 and divorced in 1980.

At a reading at The Kitchen in June 2011

Delany has identified as a gay man since adolescence,[13] though his complicated marriage with Hacker (who was aware of Delany's orientation and has identified as a lesbian since their divorce) has led some authors to classify him as bisexual.[14]

Upon the death of Delany's father from lung cancer in October and his marriage in August, he and Hacker settled in New York's East Village neighborhood at 629 East 5th Street. Due to the intervention of Hacker (then employed as an assistant editor at Ace Books), Delany was a published science fiction author by the age of 20, though he actually finished writing that first novel (The Jewels of Aptor) while still only 19 years old, shortly after dropping out of the City College of New York after one semester. He published nine well-regarded science fiction novels between 1962 and 1968, as well as two prize-winning short stories (collected in Driftglass [1971] and later in Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories [2002]). In 1966, with Hacker remaining in New York, Delany took an extended trip to Europe,[15] spending several months in Turkey and Greece. These locales found their way into several pieces of his work at that time, including the novel Nova and the short stories "Aye, and Gomorrah" and "Dog in a Fisherman's Net".

After returning from Europe, Delany played and lived communally for six months on the Lower East Side with the Heavenly Breakfast, a folk-rock band, one of whose members, Bert Lee, was later a founding member of the Central Park Sheiks; a memoir of his experiences with Heavenly Breakfast and communal life was eventually published as Heavenly Breakfast (1979). Delany published his first eight novels with Ace Books from 1962 to 1967, culminating in Babel-17 and The Einstein Intersection, which were consecutively recognized as the year's best novel by the Science Fiction Writers of America (Nebula Awards).[1][5] His first short story was published by Frederik Pohl in the February 1967 issue of Worlds of Tomorrow and he placed three more in other magazines that year.[1] After four short stories (including the critically lauded "Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones") and Nova were published to wide acclaim (the latter by Doubleday, marking Delany's departure from Ace) in 1968 alone, an extended interregnum in publication commenced until the release of Dhalgren (1975), abated only by two short stories, two comic book scripts, and a minor erotic novel, The Tides of Lust (1973). On New Year's Eve in 1968, Delany and Hacker moved to San Francisco, and again to London in the interim, before Delany returned to New York in the summer of 1971 as a resident of the Albert Hotel in Greenwich Village; from December 1972 to December 1974, Delany and Hacker cohabited in Marylebone, London. In 1972, Delany was a visiting writer at Wesleyan University's Center for the Humanities. During this period, he began working with sexual themes in earnest and wrote two pornographic works, one of which (Hogg) was considered to be completely unpublishable due to the nature of its content. It would, in fact, be twenty years from the time Delany finished writing the novel before it saw print.

Delany wrote two issues of the comic book Wonder Woman in 1972,[16] during a controversial period in the publication's history when the lead character abandoned her superpowers and became a secret agent.[17] Delany scripted issues #202 and #203 of the series.[18] Delany was initially supposed to write a six-issue story arc, which would culminate in a battle over an abortion clinic, but the story arc ended up canceled after Gloria Steinem complained that Wonder Woman was no longer wearing her traditional costume, a change predating Delany's involvement. Scholar Ann Matsuuchi concluded that Steinem's feedback was "conveniently used as an excuse" by DC management.[19]

Delany's eleventh and most popular novel, the million-plus-selling Dhalgren, was published in 1975 to both literary acclaim (from both inside and outside the science fiction community) and derision (mostly from within the community). Upon its publication, Delany returned to the United States at the behest of Leslie Fiedler to teach at the University at Buffalo as Butler Professor of English in the spring of 1975, preceding his permanent return to New York City that summer. Though he wrote two more major science fiction novels (Triton and Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand) in the decade following Dhalgren, Delany began to work in fantasy and science fiction criticism for several years. His main literary project through the late 1970s and 1980s was the Return to Nevèrÿon series, the overall title of the four volumes and also the title of the fourth and final book. Following the publication of the Return to Nevèrÿon series, Delany published one more fantasy novel. Released in 1993, They Fly at Çiron is a re-written and expanded version of an unpublished short story Delany wrote in 1962. This would be Delany's last novel in either the science fiction or fantasy genres for many years.

Although he does not possess a degree, Delany has been a professor at several universities since 1988. Following further visiting fellowships at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (1977), the University at Albany (1978), and Cornell University (1987), he spent 11 years as a professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, a year and a half as an English professor at the University at Buffalo, then moved to the English Department of Temple University in 2001, where he taught until his retirement in 2015. He also served as Critical Inquiry Visiting Professor at the University of Chicago during the winter quarter of 2014.[20]

Beginning with The Jewel-Hinged Jaw (1977), a collection of critical essays that applied then-nascent literary theory to science fiction studies, he has also published several books of criticism, interviews, and essays. In the memoir Times Square Red, Times Square Blue (1999), Delany draws on personal experience to examine the relationship between the effort to redevelop Times Square and the public sex lives of working-class men, gay and straight, in New York City.

He received the Bill Whitehead Award for Lifetime Achievement from Publishing Triangle in 1993.

In 2007, his novel Dark Reflections was a winner of the Stonewall Book Award. That same year Delany was the subject of a documentary film, The Polymath, or, The Life and Opinions of Samuel R. Delany, Gentleman, directed by Fred Barney Taylor. The film debuted on April 25 at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival. The following year, 2008, it tied for Jury Award for Best Documentary at the International Philadelphia Lesbian and Gay Film Festival. Also in 2007, Delany was the April "calendar boy" in the "Legends of the Village" calendar put out by Village Care of New York.[21]

In 2010, Delany was one of the five judges (along with Andrei Codrescu, Sabina Murray, Joanna Scott, and Carolyn See) for the National Book Awards fiction category.[22]

His papers are housed at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center.[23]

Since 1991, Delany has been in a committed nonexclusive relationship with Dennis Rickett, previously a homeless book vendor; their courtship is chronicled in the graphic memoir Bread and Wine: An Erotic Tale of New York (1999), a collaboration with the writer and artist Mia Wolff. Rickett and Delany currently reside in the walk-up apartment on New York's Upper West Side that he has maintained since 1975. After sixteen years, he recently retired from teaching at Temple University.[24]

Delany is an atheist.[25]

Themes

At a reading in 2015

Recurring themes in Delany's work include mythology, memory, language, sexuality, and perception. Class, position in society, and the ability to move from one social stratum to another are motifs that were touched on in his earlier work and became more significant in his later fiction and non-fiction, both. Many of Delany's later (mid-1980s and beyond) works have bodies of water (mostly oceans and rivers) as a common theme, as mentioned by Delany in The Polymath. Though not a theme, coffee, more than any other beverage, is mentioned significantly and often in many of Delany's fictions.

Writing itself (both prose and poetry) is also a repeated theme: several of his characters — Geo in The Jewels of Aptor, Vol Nonik in The Fall of the Towers, Rydra Wong in Babel-17, Ni Ty Lee in Empire Star, Katin Crawford in Nova, the Kid, Ernest Newboy, and William in Dhalgren, Arnold Hawley in Dark Reflections, John Marr and Timothy Hasler in The Mad Man, and Osudh in Phallos — are writers or poets of some sort.

Delany also makes use of repeated imagery: several characters (Hogg, the Kid, and the sensory-syrynx player, the Mouse, in Nova; Roger in "We .. move on a rigorous line") are known for wearing only one shoe; and nail biting along with rough, calloused (and sometimes veiny) hands are characteristics given to individuals in a number of his fictions. Names are sometimes reused: "Bellona" is the name of a city in both Dhalgren and Triton, "Denny" is a character in both Dhalgren and Hogg (which were written almost concurrently despite being published two decades apart; and there is a Danny in "We .. move on a rigorous line"), and the name "Hawk" is used for five different characters in four separate stories – Hogg, the story "Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones" and the novella "The Einstein Intersection", and the short story Cage of Brass, where a character called Pig also appears.

Jewels, reflection, and refraction — not just the imagery but reflection and refraction of text and concepts — are also strong themes and metaphors in Delany’s work: Titles such as The Jewels of Aptor, The Jewel-Hinged Jaw, "Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones", Driftglass, and Dark Reflections along with the optic chain of prisms, mirrors, and lenses worn by several characters in Dhalgren are a few examples of this; as in "We (..) move on a rigorous line" a ring is nearly obsessively described at every twist and turn of the plot. Reflection and refraction in narrative are explored in Dhalgren and take center stage in his Return to Nevèrÿon series.

Following the 1968 publication of Nova, there was not only a large gap in Delany's published work (after releasing eight novels and a novella between 1962 and 1968, Delany's published output virtually stopped until 1973), there was also a notable addition to the themes found in the stories published after that time. It was at this point that Delany began dealing with sexual themes to an extent rarely equaled in serious writing. Dhalgren and Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand include several sexually explicit passages, and several of his books such as Equinox (originally published as The Tides of Lust, a title that Delany does not endorse), The Mad Man, Hogg and, Phallos can be considered pornography, a label Delany himself endorses.[26]

Novels such as Triton and the thousand-plus pages making up his four-volume Return to Nevèrÿon series explored in detail how sexuality and sexual attitudes relate to the socioeconomic underpinnings of a primitive — or, in Triton's case, futuristic — society. Even in works with no science fiction or fantasy content to speak of, such as Atlantis: Three Tales, The Mad Man, and Hogg, Delany pursued these questions by creating vivid pictures of New York City, now in the Jazz Age, now in the first decade of the AIDS epidemic, private schools in the 1950s, Greece and Europe in the 1960s, and — in Hogg — generalized small-town America. Phallos details the quest for happiness and security by a gay man from the island of Syracuse in the second-century reign of the Emperor Hadrian. Dark Reflections is a contemporary novel, dealing with themes of repression, old age, and the writer's unrewarded life.

The Mad Man, Phallos, and Dark Reflections are linked in minor ways. The beast mentioned at the beginning of The Mad Man graces the cover of Phallos. In Dark Reflections we learn that novel's protagonist, Arnold Hawley, was the actual anonymous author of the fictive Phallos (the non-existent novel of the same name that Delany's novella "quotes from" and discusses at length). Additionally, Delany's 2012 novel Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders contains several scenes with a statue of the beast from The Mad Man. Finally, the encapsulating "outer frame" story of Phallos is that of one Adrian Rome, whose life partner is someone named Shoat Rumblin. Shoat Rumblin is the name of yet another of Delany's forthcoming works, an excerpt of which appeared in Volume 24, Number 2 of "Callaloo".

Delany has also published several books of literary criticism, with an emphasis on issues in science fiction and other paraliterary genres, comparative literature, and queer studies. Delany has commented that he believes to omit the sexual practices that he portrays in his writing limits the dialog children and adults can have about it themselves, and that this lack of knowledge can kill people.[27]

Works

Fiction

Novels

Name Published ISBN Notes[5]
The Jewels of Aptor 1962 published as Ace-Double F-173 together with Second Ending by James White
Captives of the Flame 1963 published as Ace-Double F-199 together with The Psionic Menace by John Brunner, republished as the more definitive Out of the Dead City[28]
included in omnibus edition: The Fall of the Towers
The Towers of Toron 1964 published as Ace-Double F-261 together with The Lunar Eye by Robert Moore Williams, included in omnibus edition: The Fall of the Towers
City of a Thousand Suns 1965 published by Ace Books as F-322, included in omnibus edition: The Fall of the Towers
The Ballad of Beta-2 1965 published as Ace-Double M-121 together with Alpha Yes, Terra No! by Emil Petaja
Empire Star 1966 published as Ace-Double M-139 together with The Tree Lord of Imeten by Tom Purdom
Babel-17 1966 published by Ace Books as F-388, Nebula Award winner, 1966;[3]
Hugo Award nominee, 1967[4]
The Einstein Intersection 1967 published by Ace Books as F-427, Nebula Award winner, 1967[4]
Hugo Award nominee, 1968[29]
Nova 1968 ISBN 0-553-10031-9 Hugo Award nominee, 1969[30]
The Tides of Lust 1973 ISBN 0-86130-016-5 published by Lancer Books as #71344, later reprinted under Delany's preferred title Equinox (1994), ISBN 1-56333-157-8.
Dhalgren 1975 ISBN 0-553-14861-3 Nebula Award nominee, 1975;[31]
Locus Award nominee, 1976[32]
Triton 1976 ISBN 0-553-12680-6 republished as Trouble on Triton in 1996 by Wesleyn University Press;
Nebula Award nominee, 1976[32]
Empire 1978 ISBN 0-425-03900-5 with Howard Chaykin a "visual novel"
published by Byron Preiss / Berkley Windhover
Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand 1984 ISBN 0-553-05053-2 Locus Award nominee, 1985;[33]
Arthur C. Clarke Award nominee, 1987[34]
They Fly at Çiron 1993 ISBN 0-9633637-1-9
The Mad Man 1994 ISBN 1-56333-193-4
Hogg 1995 ISBN 0-932511-91-0
Phallos (novella) 2004 ISBN 0-917453-41-7
Dark Reflections 2007 ISBN 0-7867-1947-8 Stonewall Book Award winner, 2008;
Lambda Award nominee, 2007;[35]
Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders 2012 ISBN 978-1-59350-203-4 Chapter 90 was inadvertently left out by the publisher, and was later published in Sensitive Skin magazine, December 2012.

Return to Nevèrÿon series

Name Published ISBN Notes
Tales of Nevèrÿon 1979 ISBN 0-553-12333-5 Locus Award nominee, 1980;[36]
Neveryóna 1983 ISBN 0-553-01434-X novel
Flight from Nevèrÿon 1985 ISBN 0-553-24856-1 novellas
The Bridge of Lost Desire 1987 ISBN 0-87795-931-5 novellas
revised as Return to Nevèrÿon (1994), ISBN 0-8195-6278-5

Short stories

Story First Publication Date[37] Awards
 [5]		 Driftglass (1971) Distant Stars (1981), illustrated, ISBN 0-553-01336-X The Complete Nebula Award-Winning Fiction (1983), ISBN 0-553-25610-6 Driftglass/Starshards (1993), ISBN 0-586-21422-4 Atlantis: Three Tales (1995), ISBN 0-8195-5283-6 Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories (2003), ISBN 0-375-70671-2
"The Star Pit" Feb 1967 in Worlds of Tomorrow Hugo (nom) Yes Yes Yes
"Dog in a Fisherman’s Net" May 1971 in Quark/3, Marilyn Hacker, Samuel R. Delany (ed.) Yes Yes Yes
"Corona" Oct 1967 in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction Yes Yes Yes Yes
"Aye, and Gomorrah..." Oct 1967 in Dangerous Visions, Harlan Ellison (ed.) Hugo (nom), Nebula (win) Yes Yes Yes Yes
"Driftglass" Jun 1967 in If Nebula (nom) Yes Yes Yes
"We, in Some Strange Power’s Employ, Move on a Rigorous Line" May 1968 as "Lines of Power", The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction Hugo (nom), Nebula (nom) Yes Yes Yes Yes
"Cage of Brass" Jun 1968 in If Yes Yes Yes
"High Weir" Oct 1968 in If Yes Yes Yes
"Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones" Dec 1968 in New Worlds Michael Moorcock and James Sallis (eds.) Hugo (win), Nebula (win) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
"Night and the Loves of Joe Dicostanzo" Nov 1970 in Alchemy and Academe, Anne McCaffrey (ed.) Yes Yes Yes
"Prismatica" Oct 1977 in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction Hugo (nom) Yes Yes Yes
"Empire Star" 1966 as an Ace Double Yes
"Omegahelm" 1981 in Distant Stars Yes Yes Yes
"Ruins" 1981 in Distant Stars Yes Yes Yes
"Among the Blobs" 1988 in Mississippi Review 47/48 Yes Yes
"Citre et Trans" 1993 in Driftglass/Starshards Yes Yes
"Erik, Gwen, and D.H. Lawrence’s Esthetic of Unrectified Feeling" 1993 in Driftglass/Starshards Yes Yes
"Atlantis: Model 1924" 1995 in Atlantis: Three Tales Yes
"Tapestry" 2003 in Aye and Gomorrah Yes
"The Desert of Time" May 1992 in Omni
"In The Valley of the Nest of Spiders" 2007 in Black Clock[38]

Anthologies

Nonfiction

Critical works

Memoirs and letters

Introductions

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Delany's name is one of the most misspelled in science fiction, with over 60 different spellings in reviews. Bravard and Peplow (1984), pp. 69–75. His publisher Doubleday even misspelled his name on the title page of his book Driftglass, as did the organizers of Balticon in 1982 where Delany was guest of honor.

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Samuel R. Delany at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (ISFDB). Retrieved 2013-04-13. Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that level, such as a front cover image or linked contents.
  2. 1 2 3 Pohl, Frederik (November 20, 2010). "Chip Delany". The Way The Future Blogs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  3. 1 2 "1966 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 "1967 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Delany, Samuel". The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index of Literary Nominees. Locus Publications. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  6. ↑ "Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame". Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Retrieved 2013-03-22. This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004.
  7. ↑ "Retirement party announcement". Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  8. ↑ Samuel Delany – a,b,c: three short novels
  9. ↑ "The Eaton Awards". Eaton Science Fiction Conference. University of California, Riverside (ucr.edu). Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  10. ↑ "Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA). Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  11. ↑ See Marilyn Hacker's entry.
  12. ↑ "The New Ensemble Theatre Co. (TNE) program for Romeo and Juliet, 1998". The New Ensemble Theatre Company, Inc. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  13. ↑ Delany, Samuel R. "Coming/Out". In Shorter Views (Wesleyan University Press, 1999).
  14. ↑ Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath. Contemporary African American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook; Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999; pp. 115-116.
  15. ↑ Samuel Delany – The Motion of Light In Water
  16. ↑ Wonder Woman #202 (Sept.-Oct. 1972) and Wonder Woman #203 (Nov.-Dec. 1972) at the Grand Comics Database
  17. ↑ Delany, Samuel R. "Dhalgren". Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  18. ↑ "Wonder Woman, series 1, issues #199-#264, March 1972 - February 1980". www.wonderland-site.com. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  19. ↑ Matsuuchi, Ann (2012). "Wonder Woman Wears Pants: Wonder Woman, Feminism and the 1972 "Women's Lib" Issue"" (PDF). COLLOQUY (24).
  20. ↑ Samuel Delany will teach a seminar... - Critical Inquiry. Facebook. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
  21. ↑ "A legendary night for Village Care". www.thevillager.com. November 22–28, 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  22. ↑ "2010 National Book Awards web page". www.nationalbook.org. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  23. ↑ "The Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center web page listing collections for Samuel R. Delany". Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  24. ↑ "College of Liberal Arts – Archive". Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  25. ↑ "Though I'm an atheist, I think Santa is a generous, large-hearted image that has lost a lot of its religious baggage. Besides, respecting other folks' religions is a good quality — at least in terms of their good intentions. It's among the primary American values; it's what our country was founded on. " -- (Dec 8, 2009) "Bad Santa", Philidelphia City Paper
  26. ↑ Samuel Delany – Shorter Views – Ch 13 "Pornography and Censorship"
  27. ↑ Samuel R Delany and Mia Wolff discuss Bread and Wine at the Strand. YouTube (2012-06-18). Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
  28. ↑ The Fall of the Towers mass market paperback, introduction
  29. ↑ "1968 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  30. ↑ "1969 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  31. ↑ "1975 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  32. 1 2 "1976 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  33. ↑ "1985 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  34. ↑ "1987 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  35. ↑ Cerna, Antonio Gonzales. "Previous Lammy Award Winners: 20th Annual Lambda Literary Awards". Lambda Literary. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  36. ↑ "1980 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  37. ↑ "Samuel R. Delany – Summary Bibliography". Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  38. ↑ "In The Valley Of The Nest Of Spiders". Black Clock #7. Spring–Summer 2007.
  39. ↑ Delany, Samuel (2009). The Jewel-Hinged Jaw. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819572462. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  40. ↑ Delany, Samuel (2014). The American Shore. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819574206. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  41. ↑ Delany, Samuel (2012). Starboard Wine. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819572943. Retrieved 20 August 2015.

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