Gary Ridgway

Gary Ridgway

Mugshot in November 2001
Born Gary Leon Ridgway
(1949-02-18) February 18, 1949
Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
Other names The Green River Killer
Criminal penalty Life imprisonment without parole
Spouse(s) Claudia Kraig Barrows (m. August 15, 1970; div. January 14, 1972)
Marcia Lorene Brown (m. December 14, 1973; div. May 27, 1981)
Judith Lorraine Lynch (m. June 12, 1988; div. September 5, 2002)
Conviction(s) Murder
Solicitation
Killings
Victims Convicted of 49, confessed to 71, presumed to be at least 90+
Span of killings
 1982–1998 confirmed, but could be as recent as 2001
Country United States
State(s) Washington
Date apprehended
 November 30, 2001
Imprisoned at Washington State Penitentiary, Walla Walla, Washington

Gary Leon Ridgway (born February 18, 1949) is an American serial killer known as the Green River Killer. He was initially convicted of 48 separate murders and later confessed to nearly twice that number. As part of his plea bargain, an additional conviction was added, bringing the total number of convictions to 49, making him the most prolific American serial killer in history according to confirmed murders. He murdered numerous women and girls in Washington State during the 1980s and 1990s.[1] Most of his victims were alleged to be prostitutes and other women in vulnerable situations, including underage runaways. The press gave him his nickname after the first five victims were found in the Green River before his identity was known.[2] He strangled the women, usually by hand but sometimes using ligatures. After strangling them, he would dump their bodies in forested and overgrown areas in King County, often returning to the dead bodies to have sexual intercourse with them.[3]

On November 30, 2001, as he was leaving the Kenworth truck factory where he worked in Renton, Washington, he was arrested for the murders of four women whose cases were linked to him through DNA evidence.[3] As part of a plea bargain wherein he agreed to disclose the locations of still-missing women, he was spared the death penalty and received a sentence of life imprisonment without parole.


Childhood

Gary Leon Ridgway was born on February 18, 1949 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was the second of Mary and Thomas Ridgway's three sons. His home life was somewhat troubled; relatives have described his mother as domineering and have said that young Ridgway witnessed more than one violent argument between his parents. His father was a bus driver who would often complain about the presence of prostitutes.[4] Gary Ridgway was tested with an I.Q. of 82. When he was 16, he stabbed a six-year-old boy, who survived the attack. He had led the boy into the woods and then stabbed him through the ribs into his liver.[5]

Adult life

Ridgway graduated from Tyee High School at age 20 in 1969 and married his 19-year-old high school girlfriend Claudia Kraig. He joined the Navy[5] and was sent to Vietnam, where he served on board a supply ship[6] and saw combat.[4] During his time in the military, Ridgway began to have frequent sexual intercourse with numerous prostitutes and contracted gonorrhea. Although angered by this, he continued to have unprotected sex with prostitutes. While Ridgway was abroad, Kraig had an extramarital affair. The marriage ended within a year.[5]

When questioned about Ridgway after his arrest, friends and family described him as friendly but strange. His first two marriages resulted in divorce because of infidelities by both partners. His second wife, Marcia Winslow, claimed that he had placed her in a chokehold.[4] He had become religious during his second marriage, proselytizing door-to-door, reading the Bible aloud at work and at home, and insisting that his wife follow the strict teachings of their church pastor.[5] Ridgway would also frequently cry after sermons or reading the Bible.[7] Ridgway continued to solicit the services of prostitutes during this marriage. He also wanted his wife to participate in sex in public and inappropriate places, sometimes even in areas where his victims' bodies were later discovered.[5]

According to women in his life, Ridgway had an insatiable sexual appetite. His three ex-wives and several ex-girlfriends reported that Ridgway demanded sex from them several times a day.[7] Often, he would want to have sex in a public area or in the woods.[5] Ridgway himself admitted to having a fixation with prostitutes,[8] with whom he had a love-hate relationship. He frequently complained about their presence in his neighborhood, but he also took advantage of their services regularly. It has been speculated that Ridgway was torn between his uncontrollable lusts and his staunch religious beliefs.[7]

Murders

Ridgway after a 1982 booking

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Ridgway is believed to have murdered at least 71 women (according to Ridgway, in an interview with Sheriff Reichert in 2001) near Seattle and Tacoma, Washington. His court statements later reported that he had killed so many, he lost count. A majority of the murders occurred between 1982 and 1984. The victims were believed to be either prostitutes or runaways picked up along Pacific Highway South (International Blvd. 99), whom he strangled. Most of their bodies were dumped in wooded areas around the Green River, except for two confirmed and another two suspected victims found in the Portland, Oregon area. The bodies were often left in clusters, sometimes posed, usually nude. He would sometimes return to the victims' bodies and have sexual intercourse with them. Because most of the bodies were not discovered until only the skeletons remained, three victims are still unidentified. Ridgway occasionally contaminated the dump sites with gum, cigarettes, and written materials belonging to others, and he even transported a few victims' remains across state lines into Oregon to confuse the police.[9]

Ridgway began each murder by picking up a woman, usually a prostitute. He sometimes showed the woman a picture of his son, to trick her into trusting him. After raping her, Ridgway strangled her from behind. He initially strangled them manually. However, many victims inflicted wounds and bruises on his arm while trying to defend themselves. Concerned these wounds and bruises would draw attention, Ridgway began using ligatures to strangle his victims. He killed most victims in his home, his truck, or a secluded area.[3] In the early 1980s, the King County Sheriff's Office formed the Green River Task Force to investigate the murders. The most notable members of the task force were Robert Keppel and Dave Reichert, who periodically interviewed incarcerated serial killer Ted Bundy from 1984. Bundy offered his opinions on the psychology, motivations, and behavior of the killer; he suggested that the killer was revisiting the dump sites to have sexual relations with his victims, which turned out to be true, and if police found a fresh grave, they should stake it out and wait for him to come back.[10] Also contributing to the investigation was John E. Douglas, who has since written much on the subject of the Green River Killer.[11]

Ridgway was arrested in 1982 and 2001 on charges related to prostitution. He became a suspect in 1983 in the Green River killings. In 1984, Ridgway took and passed a polygraph test (quality control protocols later developed in the FBI after careful review determined that Ridgway actually failed his polygraph test), and on April 7, 1987, police took hair and saliva samples from Ridgway. Around 1985, Ridgway began dating Judith Mawson, who became his third wife in 1988. Mawson claimed in a 2010 television interview that when she moved into his house while they were dating, there was no carpet. Detectives later told her he had probably wrapped a body in the carpet.[12] In the same interview, she described how he would leave for work early in the morning some days, ostensibly for the overtime pay. Mawson speculated that he must have committed some of the murders while supposedly working these early morning shifts. She claimed that she had not suspected Ridgway's crimes before she was contacted by authorities in 1987, and had not even heard of the Green River Killer before that time because she did not watch the news.[12]

Author Pennie Morehead interviewed Ridgway in prison, and he said while he was in the relationship with Mawson his kill rate went down, and he truly loved her.[12] Mawson told a local television reporter, "I feel I have saved lives ... by being his wife and making him happy."[13]

The samples collected in 1987 were later subjected to a DNA analysis, providing the evidence for his arrest warrant. On November 30, 2001, Ridgway was at the Kenworth Truck factory, where he worked as a spray painter, when police arrived to arrest him. Ridgway was arrested on suspicion of murdering four women nearly 20 years after first being identified as a potential suspect, when DNA evidence conclusively linked semen left in the victims to the saliva swab taken by the police. The four victims named in the original indictment were Marcia Chapman, Opal Mills, Cynthia Hinds, and Carol Ann Christensen. Three more victims—Wendy Coffield, Debra Bonner, and Debra Estes—were added to the indictment after a forensic scientist identified microscopic spray paint spheres as a specific brand and composition of paint used at the Kenworth factory during the specific time frame when these victims were killed.[12]

Plea bargain, confessions, sentencing

Early in August 2003, Seattle television news reported that Ridgway had been moved from a maximum security cell at King County Jail to an Airway Heights Minimum-Medium Security Level Tank. Other news reports stated that his lawyers, led by Anthony Savage, were closing a plea bargain that would spare him the death penalty in return for his confession to a number of the Green River murders.

On November 5, 2003, Ridgway entered a guilty plea to 48 charges of aggravated first degree murder as part of a plea bargain, agreed to in June, that would spare him execution in exchange for his cooperation in locating the remains of his victims and providing other details. In his statement accompanying his guilty plea, Ridgway explained that all of his victims had been killed inside King County, Washington, and that he had transported and dumped the remains of the two women near Portland to confuse the police.[9]

Deputy prosecutor Jeffrey Baird noted in court that the deal contained "the names of 41 victims who would not be the subject of State v. Ridgway if it were not for the plea agreement." King County Prosecuting Attorney Norm Maleng explained his decision to make the deal:

We could have gone forward with seven counts, but that is all we could have ever hoped to solve. At the end of that trial, whatever the outcome, there would have been lingering doubts about the rest of these crimes. This agreement was the avenue to the truth. And in the end, the search for the truth is still why we have a criminal justice system ... Gary Ridgway does not deserve our mercy. He does not deserve to live. The mercy provided by today's resolution is directed not at Ridgway, but toward the families who have suffered so much ...[14]

On December 18, 2003, King County Superior Court Judge Richard Jones sentenced Ridgway to 48 life sentences with no possibility of parole and one life sentence, to be served consecutively. He was also sentenced to an additional 10 years for tampering with evidence for each of the 48 victims, adding 480 years to his 48 life sentences.

Ridgway led prosecutors to three bodies in 2003. On August 16 of that year, the remains of a 16-year-old girl found near Enumclaw, Washington, 40 feet from State Route 410, were pronounced as belonging to Pammy Annette Avent, who had been believed to be a victim of the Green River Killer. The remains of Marie Malvar and April Buttram were found in September. On November 23, 2005, The Associated Press reported that a weekend hiker found the skull of one of the 48 women Ridgway admitted murdering in his 2003 plea bargain with King County prosecutors. The skull of Tracy Winston, who was 19 when she disappeared from Northgate Mall on September 12, 1983, was found on November 20, 2005 by a man hiking in a wooded area near Highway 18 near Issaquah, southeast of Seattle.[15]

Ridgway confessed to more confirmed murders than any other American serial killer. Over a period of five months of police and prosecutor interviews, he confessed to 48 murders—42 of which were on the police's list of probable Green River Killer victims.[16] On February 9, 2004, county prosecutors began to release the videotape records of Ridgway's confessions. In one taped interview, he told investigators initially that he was responsible for the deaths of 65 women, but in another taped interview with Reichert on December 31, 2003, Ridgway claimed to have murdered 71 victims and confessed to having had sex with them before killing them, a detail which he did not reveal until after his sentencing.[17] In his confession, he acknowledged that he targeted prostitutes because they were "easy to pick up" and that he "hated most of them."[18] He confessed that he had sex with his victims' bodies after he murdered them, but claimed he began burying the later victims so that he could resist the urge to commit necrophilia.[19]

Ridgway talked to and tried to make his victims comfortable before he committed the murders. In his own words, "I would talk to her... and get her mind off of the, sex, anything she was nervous about. And think, you know, she thinks, 'Oh, this guy cares'... which I didn't. I just want to, uh, get her in the vehicle and eventually kill her."[17]

Later in a statement Ridgway said that murdering young women was his "career".[20]

Life imprisonment

Ridgway was placed in solitary confinement at Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla in January 2004.[21] Roughly around 2005, Ridgway made more pleas with the Federal government and was transferred to Airway Heights where he was put in a minimum-medium security tank. On May 14, 2015, he was transferred to the USP Florence, a high-security federal prison east of Cañon City, Colorado. In September 2015, after a public outcry and discussions with Gov. Jay Inslee, Corrections Secretary Bernie Warner announced that Ridgway would be transferred back to Washington to be “easily accessible” for open murder investigations.[22] Ridgway was returned by chartered plane to Washington from the High Security Federal Prison in Florence, Colorado, on October 24, 2015.[23]

Victims

Before Ridgway's confession, authorities had attributed 49 murders to the Green River Killer.[24] Ridgway confessed to murdering at least 71 victims.[17]

Confirmed

At the time of his December 18, 2003 sentencing, authorities had been able to find at least 48 sets of remains, including victims not originally attributed to the Green River Killer. Ridgway was sentenced for the deaths of each of these 48 victims, with a plea agreement that he would "plead guilty to any and all future cases (in King County) where his confession could be corroborated by reliable evidence."[25]

# Name Age Disappeared Found
1 Wendy Lee Coffield 16 July 8, 1982 July 15, 1982
2 Gisele Ann Lovvorn 17 July 17, 1982 September 25, 1982
3 Debra Lynn Bonner 23 July 25, 1982 August 12, 1982
4 Marcia Fay Chapman 31 August 1, 1982 August 15, 1982
5 Cynthia Jean Hinds 17 August 11, 1982 August 15, 1982
6 Opal Charmaine Mills 16 August 12, 1982 August 15, 1982
7 Terry Rene Milligan 16 August 29, 1982 April 1, 1984
8 Mary Bridget Meehan 18 September 15, 1982 November 13, 1983
9 Debra Lorraine Estes 15 September 20, 1982 May 30, 1988
10 Linda Jane Rule 16 September 26, 1982 January 31, 1983
11 Denise Darcel Bush 23 October 8, 1982 June 12, 1985
12 Shawnda Leea Summers 16 October 9, 1982 August 11, 1983
13 Shirley Marie Sherrill 18 October 20–22, 1982 June 1985
14 Rebecca "Becky" Marrero 20 December 3, 1982 December 21, 2010
15 Colleen Renee Brockman 15 December 24, 1982 May 26, 1984
16 Sandra Denise Major 20 December 24, 1982 December 30, 1985
17 Alma Ann Smith 18 March 3, 1983 April 2, 1984
18 Delores LaVerne Williams 17 March 8–14, 1983 March 31, 1984
19 Gail Lynn Mathews 23 April 10, 1983 September 18, 1983
20 Andrea M. Childers 19 April 14, 1983 October 11, 1989
21 Sandra Kay Gabbert 17 April 17, 1983 April 1, 1984
22 Kimi-Kai Pitsor 16 April 17, 1983 December 15, 1983
23 Marie M. Malvar 18 April 30, 1983 September 26, 2003
24 Carol Ann Christensen 21 May 3, 1983 May 8, 1983
25 Martina Theresa Authorlee 18 May 22, 1983 November 14, 1984
26 Cheryl Lee Wims 18 May 23, 1983 March 22, 1984
27 Yvonne "Shelly" Antosh 19 May 31, 1983 October 15, 1983
28 Carrie Ann Rois 15 May 31 – June 13, 1983 March 10, 1985
29 Constance Elizabeth Naon 19 June 8, 1983 October 27, 1983
30 Kelly Marie Ware 22 July 18, 1983 October 29, 1983
31 Tina Marie Thompson 21 July 25, 1983 April 20, 1984
32 April Dawn Buttram 16 August 18, 1983 August 30, 2003
33 Debbie May Abernathy 26 September 5, 1983 March 31, 1984
34 Tracy Ann Winston 19 September 12, 1983 March 27, 1986
35 Maureen Sue Feeney 19 September 28, 1983 May 2, 1986
36 Mary Sue Bello 25 October 11, 1983 October 12, 1984
37 Pammy Annette Avent 15 October 26, 1983 August 16, 2003
38 Delise Louise Plager 22 October 30, 1983 February 14, 1984
39 Kimberly L. Nelson 21 November 1, 1983 June 14, 1986
40 Lisa Yates 19 December 23, 1983 March 13, 1984
41 Mary Exzetta West 16 February 6, 1984 September 8, 1985
42 Cindy Anne Smith 17 March 21, 1984 June 27, 1987
43 Patricia Michelle Barczak 19 October 17, 1986 February 1993
44 Roberta Joseph Hayes 21 February 7, 1987 September 11, 1991
45 Marta Reeves 36 March 5, 1990 September 20, 1990
46 Patricia Yellowrobe 38 January 1998 August 6, 1998
47 Unidentified White Female (Jane Doe B-10) 12–18 Died prior to May 1983 March 21, 1984
48 Unidentified White Female (Jane Doe B-17) 14–18 December 1980 – January 1984 January 2, 1986
49 Unidentified Female (Jane Doe B-20) 13–24 1973–1993 August 21, 2003
Jane Doe B-10 (left) and Jane Doe B-17 are two of three unidentified victims of Ridgway. Their faces were reconstructed digitally to assist in their identification.

Task force victims list

Ridgway is suspected of—but not charged with—murdering the remaining six victims of the original list attributed to the Green River Killer.[24] In each case, either Ridgway did not confess to the victim's death, or authorities have not been able to corroborate their suspicion with reliable evidence.

Name Age Disappeared Found
Tammy Vincent 17 August 1979 September 26, 1979
Amina Agisheff 35 July 7, 1982 April 18, 1984
Kase Ann Lee (Woods) 16 August 28, 1982 Undiscovered
Tammie Liles 16 June 9, 1983 April 1985
Kelly Kay McGinniss[33] 18 June 28, 1983 Undiscovered
Angela Marie Girdner 16 July 1983 April 22, 1985
Patricia Osborn 19 October 20, 1983? Undiscovered

Suspected

Ridgway has been considered a suspect in the disappearances/murders of five other women not attributed at the time to the Green River Killer. No charges have been filed.

Name Age Disappeared Found
Martha Morrison 17 September 1, 1974 October 12, 1974
Unidentified Black Female Unknown December 1980 Undiscovered
Kristi Lynn Vorak 13 October 31, 1982 Undiscovered
Patricia Ann Leblanc 15 August 12, 1983 Undiscovered
Rose Marie Kurran[40] 16 August 26, 1987 August 31, 1987
Darci Warde 16 April 24, 1990 Undiscovered
Cora McGuirk 22 July 12, 1991 Undiscovered

Popular culture

In artwork

In documentaries and films (non-fiction)

In print (non-fiction)

In print (fiction)

In music

In television (fiction)

References

Online citations

  1. ↑ Bell, Rachel. "Green River Killer: River of Death". Crime Library. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  2. ↑ Haglund, WD; Reichert, DG; Reay, DT (1990). "Recovery of decomposed and skeletal human remains in the "Green River Murder" Investigation. Implications for medical examiner/coroner and police". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 11 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1097/00000433-199003000-00004. PMID 2305751.
  3. 1 2 3 Prothero, Mark; Carlton Smith (2006). Defending Gary: Unraveling the Mind of the Green River Killer. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-7879-9548-5.
  4. 1 2 3 McCarthy, Terry; Thornburgh, Nathan (June 3, 2002). "River Of Death". Time. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Montaldo, Charles (February 14, 2011). "Gary Ridgway: The Green River Killer". About.com. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  6. ↑ Prothero, Mark (2006). Defending Gary, p. 117. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco; ISBN 0-7879-8106-0
  7. 1 2 3 Bell, Rachael. "Green River Killer: River of Death". Turner Entertainment Networks. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  8. ↑ Keppel, Robert; Birnes, William J.; Rule, Ann (2004). The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-6395-1.
  9. 1 2 "Prosecutor's Summary of the Evidence, Case No. 01-1-10270-9 SEA; State of Washington vs. Gary Leon Ridgway; in the Superior Court of Washington for King County" (PDF). seattletimes.nwsource.com. King County Prosecutor's Office. November 2003. Retrieved November 11, 2014. Ridgway acknowledged that, in an effort to throw off the Task Force, he moved Denise’s remains and those of Shirley Sherrill to Oregon in the spring of 1984. One weekend, he took his son on what he described as a “camping” trip to Oregon. He transported the remains, with son’s clothes and bicycle, in the trunk of a Plymouth Satellite. Ridgway paid cash for his food and gas on this trip and was careful not to leave any record linking him to Oregon.
  10. ↑ Robinson, Sean (November 16, 2003). "Like minds: Bundy figured Ridgway out". The News Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  11. ↑ Wilson, Duff (November 26, 2003). "Profiler can't recall why he said letter wasn't from Green River killer". The Seattle Times. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Married to a Monster". Who the (BLEEP) Did I Marry?. Season 1. Episode 9. October 13, 2010. Investigation Discovery.
  13. ↑ "Wife of Nation's Worst Serial Killer Shares Her Story". KIRO 7 Eyewitness News. May 22, 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
  14. ↑ Maleng, Norm (November 5, 2003). "Statement of Norm Maleng on Ridgway Plea". Archived from the original on June 26, 2004. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  15. ↑ Green, Sarah Jean (23 November 2005). "Remains of a Green River killer victim found near Issaquah". The Seattle Times. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Anitra Mulwee". karisable.com. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  17. 1 2 3 Cold Case Files Episode 56: "Obsession: Dave Reichert and the Green River Killer", A&E, original airdate: December 15, 2005.
  18. ↑ Hickey, Eric (2010). Serial Murderers and Their Victims. p. 25.
  19. ↑ "Ridgway Reveals Gruesome Details In Chilling Confession". KIRO 7 Eyewitness News. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Green River Killer". Karisable.com. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Find An Offender - Ridgway, Gary L.". Washington State Department of Corrections.
  22. ↑ Green River killer’s return to Washington may not bring closure to victims’ families, Seattle Times, editorial, September 22, 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  23. ↑ Department of Corrections: Gary Ridgway returned to Washington State Penitentiary, q13 Fox, John White, October 24, 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 Johnson, Tracy; Castro, Hector (October 30, 2003). "Green River victims' list may grow by six". Seattle Post Intelligencer. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  25. 1 2 3 Javier, Liza. "Remains found in Auburn, Wash. possible Green River victim", KGW.com, December 23, 2010.
  26. ↑ Sullivan, Jennifer (February 7, 2011). "Attorney: Ridgway will likely plead guilty to new murder charge". Seattle Times. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  27. ↑ Castro, Hector (November 23, 2005). "Skull of Woman Killed by Ridgway Found but It Turned Up Miles from the Rest of Her Remains". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. p. B1. Retrieved August 10, 2010. LexisNexis.
  28. ↑ "Victim of Green River killer identified 30 years later after relative sees TV movie". Fox News. June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Wash. officials say Green River Killer victim ID'd". Yahoo.com. Associated Press. June 19, 2012.
  30. ↑ "Jane Doe B-10". greenriverkillings.com. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  31. ↑ "Jane Doe B-17". greenriverkillings.com. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  32. ↑ "Jane Doe B-20". greenriverkillings.com. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  33. ↑ "NamUs MP # 14131". National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  34. ↑ Wolfcale, Joe (29 September 2007). "Victim in 1979 Tiburon murder finally identified". Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  35. ↑ "Like minds: Bundy figured Ridgway out". The News Tribune. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  36. ↑ Parrish, Linda W.Y. (April 11, 1990). "Cleaning Up Sea-Tac Strip -- Officials Target Prostitution, Dance Clubs". Seattle Times. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  37. ↑ Guillen, T. (2007). Serial Killers: Issues Explored Through the Green River Murders. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. p. 145.
  38. ↑ Prothero, M.; Smith, C. (2006). Defending Gary: Unraveling the Mind of the Green River Killer. Hoboken, New Jersey: Jossey-Bass. p. 376.
  39. ↑ "Police identify remains, look for link to 'Green River Killer'". CNN. December 16, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  40. ↑ Guillen, Tomas; Smith, Carlton (September 18, 1987). "Could killer strike again? Probably yes — despite 46 murders, little has changed". The Seattle Times. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  41. ↑ Gillespie, Emily (13 July 2015). "Remains of homicide victim found near Vancouver identified after 41 years". The Columbian. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  42. ↑ "Case File 370UFWA". doenetwork.org. The Doe Network. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  43. ↑ "PLU's Conti plays an old-school style". The News Tribune. January 10, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  44. ↑ Hansen, Phil. "48 Women". Phil Hansen Art website.
  45. ↑ Ostrow, Joanne (September 9, 2004). "A&e's The Riverman Flows Into Some Murky Psychological Waters". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  46. ↑ Matos, Michaelangelo (October 14, 2002). "Neko Case: Thrice All American". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  47. ↑ "Deathpile - G.R.". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  48. ↑ Rosenberg, Eli (May 2013). "Q&A – Veena Sud (Executive Producer)". amctv.com.
  49. 1 2 Cheryl McCall & Mary Ellen Mark (photographer) (1988). Streetwise. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812212681.

General references

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