Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain

Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
Part of Bahraini uprising of 2011, the Arab Spring, and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Hundreds of protesters denouncing the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain in a march to the Saudi embassy in Manama on 15 March.
Date14 – 18 March 2011
(4 days)
LocationBahrain
Result

Suppression of Bahraini opposition demonstrators from 2011 until 2012, with GCC and Saudi support.[1]

Belligerents

Saudi led intervention in Bahrain's uprising began on 14 March 2011, three weeks after the U.S. pressured Bahrain to withdraw its military forces from the streets.[2] As a decision by Gulf Cooperation Council, the intervention included sending 1,000 (1,200[3]) troops along with vehicles from Saudi[2] at the invitation of the Al-Khalifa ruling family, marking the first time GCC used such a collective military option for suppressing a revolt.[3][4]

Calling it an occupation[5] and a declaration of war, Bahrainis opposition pleaded for international help.[5][6] The intervention was precedented by 1994 Saudi intervention in Bahrain.[7][8]

Background

Bahrain protests began by 14 February 2011 protest mostly by Shia Muslims making majority of Bahrain population,[9] which faced immediate reaction from government.[10] The protests were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the majority Shia population,[11] and expanded to a call to end the monarchy of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa[12] following a deadly night raid on 17 February 2011 against protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in Manama,[13][14] known locally as Bloody Thursday.[15]

As Bahrain police were overwhelmed by protesters who also blocked roads, the government of Bahrain requested help from neighbouring countries.[16] On 14 March, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) agreed to deploy Peninsula Shield Force troops to Bahrain. The purported reason of the intervention was to secure key installations.[3][17]

Units involved

GCC responded to the request from Bahrain's Al-Khalifa by sending its Peninsula Shield Force.[18] The units sent from Saudi included 1,000 (1,200[3]) troops along with 150 vehicles. The vehicles included "wheeled, light-armored vehicles with roof-mounted heavy machine guns." Saudi soldiers were apparently from Saudi Arabian National Guard, commanded by a son of King Abdullah, Prince Miteb.[2] Also, 500 UAE policemen were sent via the causeway between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.[19] To protect the khalifas, Kuwaitis also "sent their navy to patrol the borders of" Bahrain,[20][21] and some thousands were recruited from Pakistani "former servicemen", too.[22]

By 2014, 5,000 Saudi and Emirati forces and almost 7,000 American forces were positioned "less than 10 miles from the Pearl Roundabout, the center of the country's protest movement."[20]

Goals

Bahrain's strategic importance to Saudi Arabian government is originated from economic, sectarian and geopolitical reasons.[23][24]

Sectarian & Geopolitical goals

The real purpose of the intervention was to stop "a growing rebellion by the kingdom's majority, but deprived, Shia citizens" by taking all necessary measures.[25] Death of an Emirati policeman, Tariq al-Shehi, made it clear that the foreign troops were in fact involved in putting down protests.[20] According to Nuruzzaman, the most important factor leading to Saudi’s intervention in Bahrain,[26] is "the domino effect of Bahrain's fall into Shia hands.[26][27] Concerned about their own Shia population[24] and fearful of democratic change, Saudi king Abdullah aimed to reverse the pro-democracy movements in his neighbor countries using force.[26] Saudi Arbia maintained that the cause of unrest in Saudi's eastern province, is the Shia uprising in Bahrain. According to Steffen Hertog, a Saudi Arabia expert at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Saudi's move was a signal to Shia movements in the Eastern Province to express how seriously Saudi intends to crack down the unrest.[19] Moreover, keeping Al-Khalifa, "the key conservative Sunni ally of Saudi", in power is of notable importance to Saudi as it can avoid the spread of Iran's influence in west of Gulf and Suadi Arabia acted through GCC to veneer "their strategic concern" about Iran and it's influence.[24]

Having close ties to the U.S., the events in Bahrain involve U.S. interests, too.[28][29][30] Any Saudi departure from Bahrain and the assertion of Shia power would also directly affect U.S. interests[26] and lead into weakening United States "military posture in the region", since Bahrain is the home of the U.S. 5th Fleet.[30]

Economic goals

The intervention was apparently carried out with the aim of guarding Bahrain's infrastructure such as oil fields.[20] The two kingdoms have "strong" economical ties and Saudi Arabia have done significant investments in Bahrain in "tourism, infrastructure and some other industrial plans."[24] Saudi Arabia, Bahrain's largest trading partner, sent troops to Bahrain to pursue some economic goals and among the important factors leading to sending troops to Bahrain were "the possibility of the loss of oil fields, terminals and crude processing plants, the loss of investment and future investment prospects."[26] Moreover, any spill over of Bahrain's unrest into the neighbor kingdom would "upend" global oil markets.[23]

Aftermath

Primarily interpreted by analysts "in terms of domestic and regional political and strategic dynamics," the intervention has created serious regional and global concerns[26] and has turned the uprising into a regional cold war. Among other factors, the foreign military intervention may drive the sectarianism.[31] According to Foreign Policy magazine, the intervention marked "a dramatic escalation of Bahrain’s political crisis."[8]

Reactions

See also

Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

References

  1. ↑ "Bahrain: Widespread Suppression, Scant Reforms". Human Rights Watch.
  2. 1 2 3 Henderson, Simon. "Bahrain's Crisis: Saudi Forces Intervene". Washington Institute. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Bronner, Ethan; Slackman, Michael (14 March 2011). "Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  4. ↑ Held, David; Ulrichsen, Kristian (2012). The transformation of the Gulf politics, economics and the global order. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136698408. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  5. 1 2 "Gulf States Send Force to Bahrain Following Protests". BBC News. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  6. ↑ "Two Killed in Bahrain Violence Despite Martial Law". BBC News. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011.
  7. ↑ Staff writers. "Saudi Intervention in Bahrain". Stratfor. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  8. 1 2 Seznec, Jean-François (14 March 2011). "Saudi Arabia Strikes Back". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  9. ↑ Black, Ian (14 February 2011). "Arrests and Deaths as Egypt Protest Spreads Across Middle East". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  10. ↑ (Arabic) "قتيل وأكثر من 30 مصاباً في مسيرات احتجاجية أمس". Al Wasat. 15 February 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  11. ↑ "Bahrain Shia Leaders Visit Iraq". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  12. ↑ Staff writer (18 February 2011). "Bahrain Mourners Call for End to Monarchy – Mood of Defiance Against Entire Ruling System After Brutal Attack on Pearl Square Protest Camp That Left at Least Five Dead". London: Associated Press (via The Guardian). Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  13. ↑ "Clashes Rock Bahraini Capital". Al Jazeera. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  14. ↑ "Bahrain Protests: Police Break Up Pearl Square Crowd". BBC News. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  15. ↑ Staff writer. "Protesters killed in Bahrain honored". PressTV. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  16. ↑ "Bahrain 'asks for Gulf help'". Al Jazeera. 14 March 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  17. ↑ "Saudi Soldiers Sent into Bahrain". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  18. ↑ Goldenberg, Ilan; G. Dalton, Melissa (2015). "Bridging the Gulf: how to fix U.S. relations with the GCC". Foreign Affairs. – via General OneFile (subscription required)
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Amies, Nick. "Saudi intervention in Bahrain increases Gulf instability". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Holmes, Amy Austin. "The military intervention that the world forgot". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  21. ↑ Katzman, Kenneth. "Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  22. ↑ Mashal, Mujib. "Pakistani troops aid Bahrain's crackdown". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  23. 1 2 Bronson, Rachel. "Saudi Arabia's Intervention in Bahrain: A Necessary Evil or a Strategic Blunder?" (PDF). Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Gray, Matthew. Global Security Watch—Saudi Arabia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313387005. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  25. ↑ Butler, William. "Saudi Arabian intervention in Bahrain driven by visceral Sunni fear of Shias". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nuruzzaman, Mohammed (2013). "Politics, Economics and Saudi Military Intervention in Bahrain" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Asia. 43. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  27. ↑ Staff writers. "Why Saudi Arabia Crushed the Democratic Uprising in Bahrain". ADHRB. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  28. ↑ Bayyenat, Abolghasem (10 June 2011). "Bahrain: Beyond the U.S.-Iran Rivalry - FPIF". Foreign Policy In Focus. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  29. ↑ Amirahmadi, Hooshang; Afrasiabi, Kaveh (29 April 2011). "The west's silence over Bahrain smacks of double standards | Hooshang Amirahmadi and Kaveh Afrasiabi". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  30. 1 2 Friedman, George. "Bahrain and the Battle Between Iran and Saudi Arabia". Stratfor. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  31. ↑ Gengler, Justin. "How Bahrain's crushed uprising spawned the Middle East's sectarianism". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  32. ↑ Alam, Kamal. "Saudi Arabia Has Devastated Pakistan's History of Religious Tolerance and Diversity". Muftah. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  33. ↑ Bhadrakumar, M.K. "Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs". Asia Times. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  34. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Schmitt, Eric (14 March 2011). "Saudi Arabia's Action in Bahrain Strains Ties With United States". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
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