Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza

Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza

Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza photographed by Paul Nadar.
Born 26 January 1852
Castel Gandolfo, Papal States
Died 14 September 1905
Dakar, Senegal
Cause of death dysentery
Nationality Friulian
Occupation Explorer
Spouse(s) Thérèse de Chambrun
Relatives Adolphe de Chambrun (father-in-law)
Pierre de Chambrun (brother-in-law)
Charles de Chambrun (brother-in-law)
René de Chambrun (nephew)

Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Brazzà, then known as Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de Brazza (26 January 1852 – 14 September 1905), was an Italian-born French explorer. With the backing of the Société de Géographie de Paris, he opened up for France entry along the right bank of the Congo that eventually led to French colonies in Central Africa. His easy manner and great physical charm, as well as his pacific approach among Africans, were his trademarks. Under French colonial rule, the capital of the Republic of the Congo was named Brazzaville after him and the name was retained by the post-colonial rulers.

Early years

Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, by Félix Nadar.
Drawing of de Brazza (23 February 1895).

Born in Castel Gandolfo in the Papal States, near Rome, Pietro Savorgnan di Brazzà was the seventh son of Count Ascanio Savorgnan di Brazzà, a nobleman of Udine with many French connections, and his wife Giacinta Simonetti. Pietro was interested in exploration from an early age and won entry to the French naval school at Brest.[1] He graduated as an ensign and sailed on the French ship Jeanne d'Arc to Algeria. Here he took part in the crushing of Cheikh Mokrani's revolt.[2]

Exploration in Africa

Brazza first encountered Africa in 1872, while sailing on an anti-slavery mission near Gabon.[3] His next ship was the Vénus, which stopped at Gabon regularly and in 1874 Brazza made two trips, up the Gabon and Ogooué rivers. He then proposed to the government that he explore the Ogooué to its source. With the help of friends in high places, including Jules Ferry and Leon Gambetta, he secured partial funding, the rest coming out of his own pocket. He was granted French citizenship in 1874,[1] adopting the French spelling of his name. His efforts to gain citizenship had been aided by Louis Raymond de Montaignac de Chauvance, who acted as Brazza's patron in the early years of his career.[2]

In this expedition, which lasted from 1875–1878, 'armed' only with cotton textiles and tools to use for barter, and accompanied by Noel Ballay, a doctor, naturalist Alfred Marche, a sailor, thirteen Senegalese laptots and four local interpreters, Brazza charmed and talked his way deep inland. Upon his return to Paris he was fêted as a celebrity in the French press and was courted by the French political elite as the man to advance their imperialist ambitions in Africa.[4]

The French authorized a second mission, 1879-1882. They had adjudged his first mission a success and felt that a mission to the Congo Basin was necessary in order to prevent Belgium from occupying the entire area.[1] By following the Ogoue River upstream and proceeding overland to the Lefini River and then downstream, Brazza succeeded in reaching the Congo River in 1880 without encroaching on Portuguese claims.[5] He then proposed to King Makoko of the Batekes that he place his kingdom under the protection of the French flag. Makoko, interested in trade possibilities and in gaining an edge over his rivals, signed the treaty.[6] Makoko also arranged for the establishment of a French settlement at Mfoa on the Congo's Malebo Pool, a place later known as Brazzaville; after Brazza's departure, the outpost was manned by two Laptots under the command of Senegalese Sergeant Malamine Camara, whose resourcefulness had impressed Brazza during their several months trekking inland from the coast. During this trip he encountered Stanley near Vivi. Brazza did not reveal that he just signed up Makoko - it took Stanley some months to realise that he had been beaten in the 'race' (set by his sponsor King Léopold). Brazza was again celebrated in France for his efforts with the press dubbing him "conquerant pacifique" for his efforts in ensuring French imperial expansion without waging war.[7]

In 1883,[8] Brazza was named governor-general of the French Congo in 1886.[5] He was dismissed in 1897 due to poor profitability of the colony and journalist reports of conditions for the natives that some would say were "too good." For his part Brazza had become somewhat disillusioned with the exploitative and repressive practices of the concessionary companies that he witnessed first-hand.[9]

Brazza became a freemason in 1888.[10][11][12]

By 1905, stories were reaching Paris of injustice, forced labour and brutality by the Congo's new governor, Emile Gentil in laissez-faire conjunction with the new concession companies set up by the French Colonial Office and condoned by Prosper Philippe Augouard, Catholic Bishop of the Congo. Brazza was sent to investigate and the resulting report was revealing and damning, in spite of many obstructions placed in his path. When his deputy Félicien Challaye placed the embarrassing report in front of the National Assembly, it was suppressed and those oppressive conditions remained in the French Congo for decades.[13]

Personal life

Brazza married Thérèse de Chambrun.[14] As a result, Pierre de Chambrun and Charles de Chambrun were his brothers-in-law. Meanwhile, René de Chambrun, the son-in-law of Vichy France Prime Minister Pierre Laval, was his nephew.[14]

Death and memorials

The last tour of the Congo took a hard physical toll of Brazza, and on his return journey to Dakar he died of dysentery and fever (amid rumours that he had been poisoned). His body was repatriated to France and he was given a state funeral at Sainte-Clotilde, Paris, prior to interment at the cemetery of Père Lachaise. His widow, Thérèse, dissatisfied with the politicians' subsequent behaviour, had his body exhumed and reinterred in Algiers (capital of present-day Algeria).[15] The epitaph for his burial site in Algiers reads: "une mémoire pure de sang humain" ("a memory untainted by human blood").

Brazzaville Mausoleum

The Brazza mausoleum at Brazzaville

In February 2005 Presidents Nguesso of Congo, Ondimba of Gabon and Chirac of France gathered at a ceremony to lay the foundation stone for a memorial to Pierre de Brazza, a mausoleum of Italian marble. On 30 September 2006, de Brazza's remains were exhumed from Algiers[16] along with those of his wife and four children.[17] They were reinterred in Brazzaville on 3 October in the new marble mausoleum which had been prepared for them and had cost some 10 million dollars. The ceremony was attended by three African presidents and a French foreign minister, who paid tribute to his humanitarian work against slavery and the abuse of African workers.

The Congolese historian professor Théophile Obenga suggested that in honoring de Brazza, the government disregarded salient information, including an account of de Brazza's rape of a Congolese woman passed down by oral tradition.[18]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Carl Cavanagh Hodge (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 106
  2. 1 2 Berny Sèbe, Heroic Imperialists in Africa: The Promotion of British and French Colonial Heroes, 1870-1939, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 304
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ Sèbe, Heroic Imperialists in Africa, p. 149
  5. 1 2 Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Gates, Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6, OUP USA, 2012, p. 3
  6. ↑ Sèbe, Heroic Imperialists in Africa, p. 148
  7. ↑ Carol Mavor, Black and Blue: The Bruising Passion of Camera Lucida, La Jetée, Sans Soleil, and Hiroshima Mon Amour, Duke University Press, 2012, p. 176
  8. ↑ Histoire militaire des colonies, pays de protectorate et pays sous mandat. 7. "Histoire militaire de l'Afrique Équatoriale française". 1931. Accessed 9 October 2011. (French)
  9. ↑ Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 205
  10. ↑ Initiated at "Alsace-Lorraine" lodge of Paris, on 1888 june 26th (Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie, page 163, Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2011)
  11. ↑ Ce que la France doit aux francs-maçons (Laurent KUPFERMAN and Emmanuel PIERRAT, ed. Grund, 2012)
  12. ↑ La franc-maçonnerie, Page 26 (Jean Massicot, ed. Desnoël, 2010)
  13. ↑ Sèbe, Heroic Imperialists in Africa, p. 305
  14. 1 2 Pourcher, Yves (Spring 2012). "Laval Museum". Historical Reflections. 38 (1): 105–125. doi:10.3167/hrrh.2012.380108. One day, the Count told me he had made a discovery of some papers that Josee had gathered about his parents, the Chambruns, and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, his paternal uncle.
  15. ↑ Brazza’s death ministère de la culture et de la communication de France
  16. ↑ Africa explorer's remains exhumed, BBC News, 30 September 2006.
  17. ↑ African nation builds £1.4m marble mausoleum for colonial master, The Guardian, 4 October 2006
  18. ↑ Florence Bernault, "Colonial Bones: The 2006 burial of Savorgnan de Brazza in the Congo", African Affairs Vol 109 Issue 436 pages 367-390, http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/109/436/367.full?keytype=ref&ijkey=TalHYOsg7SzHRJc Accessed January 12, 2011

References

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de.
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