Scorzonera
Scorzonera | |
---|---|
Scorzonera purpurea | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Eudicots |
(unranked): | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Tribe: | Cichorieae[1] |
Genus: | Scorzonera L. |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Scorzonera is a genus of flowering plants in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family. [2][3]
They are distributed in Europe, Asia,[3] and Africa.[4] Its center of diversity is in the Mediterranean.[5] Well-known species include the edible black salsify (Scorzonera hispanica). Scorzonera tau-saghyz is a source of natural rubber.[6][7][8]
Scorzonera is recorded as a food plant for the larva of the Nutmeg, a species of moth.
- Scorzonera acanthoclada
- Scorzonera acantholimon
- Scorzonera acuminata
- Scorzonera adilii
- Scorzonera affinis
- Scorzonera alaica
- Scorzonera alba
- Scorzonera albertoregelia
- Scorzonera albicans
- Scorzonera albicaulis
- Scorzonera amasiana
- Scorzonera angustifolia
- Scorzonera aragatzi
- Scorzonera araneosa
- Scorzonera argyrea
- Scorzonera aristata
- Scorzonera aucheriana
- Scorzonera austriaca
- Scorzonera baetica
- Scorzonera baldshuanica
- Scorzonera biebersteinii
- Scorzonera boissieri
- Scorzonera bracteosa
- Scorzonera bungei
- Scorzonera bupleurifolia
- Scorzonera bupleuroides
- Scorzonera caespitosa
- Scorzonera callosa
- Scorzonera calyculata
- Scorzonera capito
- Scorzonera chantavica
- Scorzonera charadzeae
- Scorzonera cinerea
- Scorzonera circumflexa
- Scorzonera codringtonii
- Scorzonera communis
- Scorzonera crassifolia
- Scorzonera cretica
- Scorzonera crispa
- Scorzonera crocifolia
- Scorzonera czerepanovii
- Scorzonera darreana
- Scorzonera davisii
- Scorzonera divaricata
- Scorzonera doriae
- Scorzonera drarii
- Scorzonera dzhawakhetica
- Scorzonera elata
- Scorzonera elongata
- Scorzonera ensifolia
- Scorzonera eriophora
- Scorzonera euphratica
- Scorzonera fengtiensis
- Scorzonera ferganica
- Scorzonera filifolia
- Scorzonera flaccida
- Scorzonera franchetii
- Scorzonera gageoides
- Scorzonera glabra
- Scorzonera gorovanica
- Scorzonera gracilis
- Scorzonera graminifolia
- Scorzonera grubovii
- Scorzonera helodes
- Scorzonera hieraciifolia
- Scorzonera hispanica – black salsify, Spanish salsify, viper's-grass, black oyster plant
- Scorzonera hispida
- Scorzonera hissarica
- Scorzonera hondae
- Scorzonera hotanica
- Scorzonera humifusa
- Scorzonera humilis – viper's grass
- Scorzonera ikonnikovii
- Scorzonera iliensis
- Scorzonera inaequiscapa
- Scorzonera incisa
- Scorzonera inconspicua
- Scorzonera intricata
- Scorzonera isophylla
- Scorzonera ispahanica
- Scorzonera joharchii
- Scorzonera kandavanica
- Scorzonera karabelensis[10]
- Scorzonera karataviensis
- Scorzonera ketzkhovelii
- Scorzonera ketzkhowelii
- Scorzonera koelpinioides
- Scorzonera kotschyi
- Scorzonera kozlowskyi
- Scorzonera kuhistanica
- Scorzonera lacera
- Scorzonera laciniata
- Scorzonera lamellata
- Scorzonera lanata
- Scorzonera lasiocarpa
- Scorzonera latifolia
- Scorzonera leptophylla
- Scorzonera libanotica
- Scorzonera limnophila
- Scorzonera lindbergii
- Scorzonera lipskyi
- Scorzonera litwinowii
- Scorzonera longiana
- Scorzonera longifolia
- Scorzonera longipapposa
- Scorzonera luntaiensis
- Scorzonera luristanica
- Scorzonera mackmeliana
- Scorzonera manshurica
- Scorzonera mariovoensis
- Scorzonera microcalathia
- Scorzonera mirabilis
- Scorzonera mollis
- Scorzonera mongolica
- Scorzonera mucida
- Scorzonera multifida
- Scorzonera muriculata
- Scorzonera musili
- Scorzonera nivalis
- Scorzonera ovata
- Scorzonera pachycephala
- Scorzonera pamirica
- Scorzonera papposa
- Scorzonera paradoxa
- Scorzonera parviflora
- Scorzonera persepolitana
- Scorzonera persica
- Scorzonera petrovii
- Scorzonera phaeopappa
- Scorzonera pisidica
- Scorzonera polyclada
- Scorzonera praetuberosa
- Scorzonera pratorum
- Scorzonera pseudodivaricata
- Scorzonera psychrophila
- Scorzonera pubescens
- Scorzonera pulchra
- Scorzonera pygmaea
- Scorzonera racemosa
- Scorzonera raddeana
- Scorzonera radians
- Scorzonera radiata
- Scorzonera ramosissima
- Scorzonera rawii
- Scorzonera renzii
- Scorzonera reverchonii
- Scorzonera rigida
- Scorzonera rugulosa
- Scorzonera rumicifolia
- Scorzonera rupicola
- Scorzonera safievii
- Scorzonera sahnea
- Scorzonera sandrasica
- Scorzonera schweinfurthii
- Scorzonera scopariiformis
- Scorzonera scyria
- Scorzonera seidlitzii
- Scorzonera semicana
- Scorzonera sericea
- Scorzonera sericeo-lanata
- Scorzonera serpentinica
- Scorzonera sinensis
- Scorzonera stenocephala
- Scorzonera stricta
- Scorzonera subacaulis
- Scorzonera subaphylla
- Scorzonera suberosa
- Scorzonera sublanata
- Scorzonera syriaca
- Scorzonera tadshikorum
- Scorzonera tau-saghyz
- Scorzonera tenax
- Scorzonera tenuisecta
- Scorzonera tianshanensis
- Scorzonera tomentosa
- Scorzonera tortuosissima
- Scorzonera tragapogonoides
- Scorzonera transiliensis
- Scorzonera troodea
- Scorzonera tuberculata
- Scorzonera tuberosa
- Scorzonera tunicata
- Scorzonera turkestania
- Scorzonera ulrichii
- Scorzonera undulata
- Scorzonera usbekistanica
- Scorzonera veratrifolia
- Scorzonera veresczaginii
- Scorzonera verrucosa
- Scorzonera villosa
- Scorzonera violacea
- Scorzonera virgata
- Scorzonera wendelboi
- Scorzonera woronowii
- Scorzonera xylobasis
- Scorzonera yemensis
- Scorzonera yildirimlii[4]
- formerly included
species once considered members of Scorzonera but now regarded as better suited to other genera: Avellara Crepis Epilasia Hymenonema Hypochaeris Lactuca Lasiospora Launaea Leontodon Microseris Podospermum Pterachaenia Pyrrhopappus Reichardia Scorzoneroides Sonchus Takhtajaniantha Tragopogon
Etymology
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scorzonera. |
One possible origin of the genus name is the French scorzonère ("viper’s grass").[3]
Secondary metabolites
Some Scorzonera species contain lactones, including the sesquiterpene lactones known as guaianolides.[11] Flavonoids found in Scorzonera include apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin.[12] Other secondary metabolites reported from the genus include caffeoylquinic acids, coumarins, lignans, stilbenoids, and triterpenoids.[13] One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first isolated from Scorzonera humilis. They were named the tyrolobibenzyls after Tyrol in the eastern Alps, where the plant was collected.[14]
References
- 1 2 3 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
- ↑ Bremer, K. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 978-0881922752.
- 1 2 3 Scorzonera. Flora of North America.
- 1 2 Duran, A. and E. Hamzaoglu. (2004). A new species of Scorzonera (Asteraceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey. Biologia-Bratislava 59(1), 47-50.
- ↑ Karaer, F. and F. Celep. (2007). Rediscovery of Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. – A threatened endemic species in Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 36(2), 139-44.
- ↑ Buranov, A. U. and B. J. Elmuradov. (2010). Extraction and characterization of latex and natural rubber from rubber-bearing plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58(2), 734-43.
- ↑ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 198 鸦葱属 ya cong shu Scorzonera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 790. 1753.
- ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Scorzonera includes photos and distribution maps
- ↑ "The Plant List". Retrieved 22 June 2014.
- ↑ Parolly, G. and N. Kilian. (2003). Scorzonera karabelensis (Compositae), a new species from SW Anatolia, with a key to the subscapigerous Scorzonera species in Turkey. Willdenowia 33 327-35.
- ↑ Zidorn, C. (2010). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). 69: 2270–96. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422.
- ↑ Sareedenchai, V. and C. Zidorn (2010). "Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). 38: 935–57. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. ISSN 0305-1978.
- ↑ Jehle, M. et al. (2010). "Natural products from Scorzonera aristata (Asteraceae)". Natural Product Communications (Westerville, OH; USA). 5: 725–27. ISSN 1934-578X.
- ↑ Zidorn, C. et al. (2000). "Tyrolobibenzyls ‒ Novel secondary metabolites from Scorzonera humilis". Helvetica Chimica Acta (Zürich; Switzerland). 83: 2920–25. ISSN 0018-019X.