September 1963

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<<	September 1963					>>
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
01	02	03	04	05	06	07
08	09	10	11	12	13	14
15	16	17	18	19	20	21
22	23	24	25	26	27	28
29	30

The following events occurred in September 1963:

September 1, 1963 (Sunday)

• The Commonwealth Marriage Act 1961 took full effect in Australia, creating a national law concerning domestic relations.^[1]
• The Austrian Grand Prix is held at Zeltweg Airfield and is won by Jack Brabham.
• A unidentified visitor to Lenin's Mausoleum, in Moscow, entered the shrine with a bomb concealed under his coat, and then detonated the explosive, killing himself and causing an unspecified amount of damage and injuries. The event was not reported in the Soviet press and would not be revealed until after the breakup of the Soviet Union.^[2]
• At the annual meeting of the Quebec wing of the Social Credit Party of Canada in Granby, Quebec, delegates voted to form a new party. However, the Ralliement créditiste du Québec would not come into being until 1970.
• Kilkenny GAA defeated Waterford GAA in the 1963 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final at Croke Park, Dublin.
• About 100,000 people in two Japanese cities demonstrated against the presence of American nuclear submarines.^[3]

September 2, 1963 (Monday)

• At 6:30 pm New York time, Walter Cronkite introduced the CBS Evening News with the statement, "Good evening from our CBS newsroom in New York, on this, the first broadcast of network television's first half-hour news program." The first show included a pre-recorded segment of Cronkite's interview with U.S. President Kennedy. Previously, the three networks ran their daily national news for fifteen minutes.^[4] NBC would inaugurate its half hour news program a week later, although ABC would not follow suit until 1967.^[5]
• Born: Robbie Buhl, American Indy Racing League competitor and team-owner, in Detroit
• Died: Fazlollah Zahedi, 70, former Prime Minister of Iran (1953–1955)

September 3, 1963 (Tuesday)

• Jin Yong's wuxia novel 天龙八部 (小说) began its serialisation in the newspapers Ming Pao in Hong Kong^[6] and Nanyang Siang Pau in Singapore.
• The United States federal minimum wage was increased to $1.25 an hour,^[7] roughly $9.48 in 2013 dollars.^[8] Fifty years later, the minimum wage would be $7.25 an hour.
• Died: Louis MacNeice, 55, Irish poet and dramatist, of pneumonia developed from bronchitis contracted while caving on the Yorkshire moors.

September 4, 1963 (Wednesday)

• Swissair Flight 306, a jet airliner on its way to Rome, crashed shortly after takeoff from Zurich, killing all 80 people on board, including 43 persons from the tiny village of Humlikon.^[9] The plane, a Sud Aviation Caravelle, caught fire and came down near the town of Dürrenäsch.
• Sennin Buraku becomes the first late night anime broadcast on Japanese television.
• For the first time ever, black students registered at white schools in the segregated state of Alabama;^[10] in some places, they faced State Troopers deployed by Governor George Wallace to prevent integration.^[11][12] That night, the bombing of a black household in Birmingham triggered a riot, and a black 20-year-old was shot to death by police.^[13]
• Died: Robert Schuman, 77, Luxembourg-born politician, twice Prime Minister of France

September 5, 1963 (Thursday)

• Profumo Affair: British prostitute Christine Keeler was arrested for perjury.

September 6, 1963 (Friday)

• The Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI) was founded.
• The Krulak Mendenhall mission was launched by the United States National Security Council.
• Born: Mark Chesnutt, American country music singer, in Beaumont, Texas

September 7, 1963 (Saturday)

• The Pro Football Hall of Fame opened in Canton, Ohio, with 17 charter members.^[14] Rapper Eric Wright AKA "Eazy E" was born the rapper that started on in the group Niggaz Wit Attitudes

September 8, 1963 (Sunday)

• Voters in Algeria overwhelmingly approved that nation's first constitution, in a referendum with a 96.8% yes vote.^[15]
• Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire, relinquished his additional post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, replacing it with the ministries of Defense, the Interior, and Agriculture.

September 9, 1963 (Monday)

• Operation 34A, authorizing American secret operations against North Vietnam, was approved by U.S. Army General Maxwell D. Taylor, who at that time was the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[16]
• NBC became the second U.S. television network to expand its evening news from 15 minutes to 30. As CBS did the week before, The Huntley-Brinkley Report included an interview with President Kennedy.^[17]
• The Fourth Session of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space opened at United Nations Headquarters, New York.^[18]
• Died: Ernst Kantorowicz, 68, German historian

September 10, 1963 (Tuesday)

• For the first time in the history of Major League Baseball, three brothers appeared for the same team in a game. Felipe Alou, Jesús Alou and Matty Alou took the outfield (at right, center and left field, respectively) for the San Francisco Giants against the New York Mets. In the 8th inning, Jesús, Matty and Felipe came up to bat in consecutive order, and were all struck out by Mets pitcher Carl Willey; the Mets won 4-2.^[19]
• Italian Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano was indicted for murder. Eight days later, he would become a fugitive,^[20] and would not be captured until 43 years later, on April 11, 2006.^[21]
• U.S. President Kennedy issued an executive order that exempted married American men from being drafted.^[22]

September 11, 1963 (Wednesday)

• A chartered Vickers 610 Viking airplane, flying from London to Perpignan, France, crashed into the side of the Roc de la Roquette, a mountain in the Pyrennes Range, killing all 40 people on board. All 36 passengers were British tourists^[23] Earlier in the day, another Vickers airplane, and Indian Airlines Viscount turboprop, crashed while en route from Nagpur to New Delhi, killing all 18 people on board.^[24]
• The Virginia Supreme Court ruled that a state law, requiring segregated seating in publicly owned ballparks, was unconstitutional.^[25]
• Died: Suzanne Duchamp, 73, French Dadaist painter and sister of Marcel Duchamp

September 12, 1963 (Thursday)

• The Ankara Agreement was signed in the capital of Turkey, between representatives of the European Economic Community (EEC) and Turkey, and provided for gradual entrance of Turkey into European Community.^[26]
• Died: Modest Altschuler, 90, Belarusian cellist, orchestral conductor, and composer

September 13, 1963 (Friday)

• The charter creating the Organisation of African Unity entered into force, after having been signed on May 25.^[27]
• Mary Kay Cosmetics was incorporated by a Texas widow, Mary Kay Ash, who invested her life savings of $5,000. By the time of her death in 2001, the company had sales of 1.4 billion dollars.^[28]
• The Glen Canyon Dam, in Arizona, US, was "topped out" with the pouring of the last concrete.^[29]
• The White House confirmed in a press release that U.S. President Kennedy would be making a trip to Dallas, Texas later in the year, though the specific itinerary was not complete.^[30]
• Russian dramatist and KGB agent Yuri Krotkov defected to the west while in London.
• Barbra Streisand married for the first time at the age of 21, in a wedding to film actor Elliott Gould; they would divorce in 1971.^[31]
• Born: Robin Smith, England cricketer, in Durban, South Africa
• Died: Eduardo Barrios, 78, Chilean novelist and playwright

September 14, 1963 (Saturday)

• The Tokyo Convention, officially the "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft", was signed in Japan. Upon ratification by twelve nations, the treaty would enter into force on December 4, 1969.^[32]
• The first issue of The Hornet was published by D. C. Thomson & Co..^[33]
• Comet Pereyra, extremely bright with an apparent magnitude of 2, was discovered by astronomer Zenon M. Pereyra from an observatory near Córdoba, Argentina; it would last be seen from Earth on December 18.^[34]
• Born: The Fischer quintuplets (Mary Ann, Mary Catherine, Mary Margaret, Mary Magdalene and James Andrew Fischer), the first American born quintuplets to survive infancy, and only the third in world history; in Aberdeen, South Dakota.^[35]
• Died: Alvin Boyd Kuhn, 82, American theosophy scholar

September 15, 1963 (Sunday)

• 16th Street Baptist Church bombing: At 10:22 a.m., in Birmingham, Alabama, a bomb exploded in the basement of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, where 80 African-American children were attending Sunday school. Four girls were killed. Denise McNair was 11, and Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Addie Mae Collins were all 14. Another 22 were injured.^[36][37][38] Robert Edward Chambliss, a white member of racist United Klans of America, would finally be convicted of the children's murder on November 18, 1977. Bobby Frank Cherry, who planted the bomb, and Thomas Blanton, Jr., who drove the group to the church, would be convicted of murder in 2001.^[39]
• Ahmed Ben Bella was elected, without opposition, as the first President of Algeria.^[40]
• The Beatles and The Rolling Stones performed in the same show for the first and only time, appearing at a concert at Royal Albert Hall in London.^[41]

September 16, 1963 (Monday)

• Malaysia was formed through the merger of the 11 states of the Federation of Malaya and the British colonies of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.^[42][43]
• In Fort-Lamy, Chad, anti-government demonstrations were quelled with 300 dead.
• Hurricane Cindy formed 200 miles (322 km) east-northeast of Brownsville, Texas, US.
• The science fiction anthology television show, The Outer Limits, premiered on the ABC television network at 7:30 pm in the United States, beginning with the episode "The Galaxy Being".^[44]

September 17, 1963 (Tuesday)

• In Iran's Parliamentary elections, the New Iran Party won 140 of the 200 seats. The party's leader, Hassan Ali Mansur, would become the new Prime Minister.
• Near the town of Chualar, California, a truck carrying 56 migrant farm workers, mostly from Mexico, was struck by a train as it was returning from a celery field at the end of the day. Twenty-two of the men died at the scene, and another ten died of their injuries later.^[45]
• On television, David Janssen made his first appearance in the title role of The Fugitive, portraying Dr. Richard Kimble, a physician who had wrongfully been convicted of murder. Barry Morse portrayed Indiana detective Philip Gerard, whose relentless pursuit of Kimble would end with the series finale on August 29, 1967.^[46]

September 18, 1963 (Wednesday)

• Rioters burned down the British Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, in protest at the formation of Malaysia.^[47]
• The first flight of the ASSET project, (Aerothermodynamic-elastic Structural Systems Environmental Tests), a winged space payload vehicle, was carried out, to develop a manned spacecraft which could return from orbit and land on a runway.^[48]
• The Patty Duke Show premiered on television, with actress Patty Duke playing two roles as "identical cousins". Camera tricks allowed Duke to appear as both Patty Lane and her look-alike cousin Cathy Lane.
• The last sports event took place at the Polo Grounds in New York City, with baseball's New York Mets losing to the Philadelphia Phillies, 5-1 before a crowd of only 1,752 people.^[49] When the game ended, the fans ran onto the field, vandalizing the scoreboard and the sod on the field, as well as some of the seats in the stadium, which was scheduled to be torn down in 1964.^[50]

September 19, 1963 (Thursday)

• Iota Phi Theta, and African-American collegiate fraternity, was founded with the first chapter organized at Morgan State College. There are now 249 chapters of the fraternity.^[51]
• At the United Nations, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko announced that the U.S.S.R. was prepared to negotiate and sign a treaty to prohibit the orbiting of nuclear weapons platforms in outer space. The Outer Space Treaty would be signed in 1967.^[52]
• Balwantrai Mehta succeeded Jivraj Narayan Mehta as Chief Minister of the State of Gujarat.
• Born: Jarvis Cocker, English musician, in Sheffield
• Died: Agnès Humbert, 68, French art historian, ethnographer and Resistance member; David Low, 72, New Zealand political cartoonist

September 20, 1963 (Friday)

• At the United Nations, U.S. President John F. Kennedy proposed a joint moon mission between the US and the Soviet Union.^[53] The Soviet Union Communist Party newspaper Pravda reported the speech, but commented that the idea as "premature". Kennedy would die two months later, and Soviet Chairman Khrushchev would be deposed within 13 months, and the United States would proceed alone in its lunar program.^[54]
• The first successful prenatal blood transfusion in history was performed in New Zealand at the National Women's Hospital at Auckland. Dr. William Liley carried out the transfusion on the unborn son of a woman identified only as "Mrs. E. McLeod" in order to treat the fetus for hemolytic disease.^[55]

September 21, 1963 (Saturday)

• The People's Action Party, led by Lee Kuan Yew, began its domination of politics in Singapore, winning 37 of 51 seats in Singapore's first parliamentary elections since independence.^[56]
• The Place des Arts opened in Montreal, Canada.
• Joe Morgan, a second baseman formerly with the Modesto Colts, made his Major League Baseball debut for the Houston Colt .45s and began a career that would lead to his induction in baseball's Hall of Fame.^[57]
• On the same day, Mario Andretti participated in his first major auto race, competing at Allentown, Pennsylvania in a United States Auto Club race.^[58]

September 22, 1963 (Sunday)

• South Korea began its commitment to the Vietnam War, sending the first of 312,853 soldiers who would fight against the North Vietnamese.^[59]
• Born: Armando Castagna, Italian speedway rider, in Arzignano
• Died: Arthur Higgins, 71, Australian cinematographer

September 23, 1963 (Monday)

• King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals was established by a Saudi royal decree as the "College of Petroleum and Minerals".

September 24, 1963 (Tuesday)

• The U.S. Senate ratified the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty by an overwhelming majority, 80-19, fourteen more than the two-thirds majority required by the U.S. Constitution.^[60] John F. Kennedy considered the ratification of the treaty, which would go into effect on October 11, the greatest achievement of his presidency, according to aide Theodore Sorensen.^[61]
• Yaakov Herzog, a deputy at the Foreign Ministry of Israel, secretly met in London with King Hussein of Jordan, beginning a dialogue between the two neighboring nations that were, officially, enemies. King Hussein had suggested the meeting, explaining later that "One had to break that barrier... whether it led anywhere or not." ^[62]
• The rural-themed situation comedy Petticoat Junction premiered on CBS television as a spinoff of the hit comedy The Beverly Hillbillies.
• Eighteen people were killed and twelve seriously injured in the explosion of a fireworks factory at the Italian city of Caserta. The factory owner, who was killed in the blast, had reportedly been asking the employees to rush to produce additional fireworks for the festival of Saint Michael the Archangel.^[63]

September 25, 1963 (Wednesday)

• Dominican Republic President Juan Bosch was overthrown in a military coup, only seven months after he had become the nation's first democratically elected leader.^[64] Military leaders installed a group of three civilians, headed by Emilio de Los Santos as President, to preside over the nation.^[65]
• The U.S. House of Representatives voted 271-155 to approve the reduction of the federal income tax rate.^[66] The bill would pass the U.S. Senate, and be signed into law on February 26, 1964.^[67]
• The Denning Report on the Profumo affair was published in Great Britain. The report concluded that Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, and the rest of his cabinet, had not been aware of the indiscretions of War Minister John Profumo.^[68]
• Einar Gerhardsen was appointed as Prime Minister of Norway for the fourth time, after the resignation of John Lyng. He would serve until October 12, 1965.^[69]
• Ontario general election, 1963: John Robarts's Ontario Progressive Conservative Party won a sixth consecutive majority.

September 26, 1963 (Thursday)

• T. S. Eliot's Collected Poems 1909–1962, selected by the author, were published on his 75th birthday.
• After only one day on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, bank robber Carl Close was arrested by local authorities in Anderson, South Carolina. Close had just robbed a branch of the First National Bank in Anderson, and was stopped by a detective three minutes later while trying to commandeer another car.^[70]
• A 38-year-old man from Waynesville, North Carolina, crashed his pickup truck through the closed iron gates of the White House, stopping short of hitting the building. The unarmed man, who reportedly demanded to see President Kennedy and shouted that "the Communists are taking over in North Carolina", was taken to a hospital for observation. The President was out at the time.^[71]
• Born: Vladimír Chovan, Slovak politician; Joe Nemechek, American NASCAR driver and owner, in Lakeland, Florida

September 27, 1963 (Friday)

• Parliamentary elections were held in South Vietnam. No political parties were represented, and all 123 seats were filled by independents.
• The Scout X-2B rocket was launched from Point Arguello, carrying weather satellites, but failed to achieve orbit.
• The Houston Colt .45s became the only Major League Baseball team to play a regular season game with a team composed entirely of rookies.^[49][72] They were hosting the New York Mets, and lost, 10-3. The lineup included Joe Morgan, Jimmy Wynn and Rusty Staub, each of whom would score more than 250 home runs in their careers, Aaron Pointer (brother of the singing group The Pointer Sisters). The Colts' pitcher was 17-year-old Jay Dahl, appearing in his first and only major league game; Dahl would die in an auto accident in 1965.
• Lee Harvey Oswald arrived in Mexico City and went to the consulate of Cuba, where he applied for a transit visa to travel to Cuba and then back to the Soviet Union, where he had lived from 1959 to 1962. After being refused visas by the Cuban consulate and the Soviet embassy, Oswald returned to his home near Dallas, Texas after a few days.^[73]
• Born: Caren Metschuck, German swimmer, in Greifswald

September 28, 1963 (Saturday)

• Jim Morrison, a 19-year-old student at Florida State University and future founder of the rock group The Doors, was arrested for the first of six times, after he and his friends stole items from a Tallahassee Police Department cruiser. Morrison spent a night in jail, then paid a fifty dollar fine and continued his studies at FSU.^[74]
• Born: Wei Wei, Mongolian pop singer, in Hohhot

September 29, 1963 (Sunday)

• The second period of the Second Vatican Council in Rome opened.^[75]
• The University of East Anglia was established in the United Kingdom at Norwich.
• Stylianos Mavromichalis replaced Panagiotis Pipinelis as Prime Minister of Greece.
• Joseph Kasavubu, the President of the Republic of the Congo (the former Belgian Congo, colloquially referred to as "Congo-Léopoldville"), dissolved that nation's parliament for the second time in less than four years, so that he and his allies could rule by decree.^[76]
• My Favorite Martian, an American television sitcom starring Ray Walston and Bill Bixby, premiered on CBS.

September 30, 1963 (Monday)

• The Pantone Color Matching System, developed in the United States, was introduced and would become "a de facto international colour standard" for printing companies around the world.^[77]

References

1. Official Year Book of Australia No. 61, 1975 and 1976, R. J. Cameron, ed. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1976) p186
2. Dmitri Volkogonov, Lenin: Life and Legacy (HarperCollins, 1994) p446
3. "Protests are held over nuclear subs", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2 September 1963.
4. Gary Edgerton, The Columbia History of American Television (Columbia University Press, 2010) p230
5. Douglass K. Daniel, Harry Reasoner: A Life in the News (University of Texas Press, 2007) p87
6. The date conforms to the data published in 陳鎮輝,《武俠小說逍遙談》, 2000, 匯智出版有限公司, pg. 58.
7. Jack Rabin, Handbook of Public Personnel Administration (CRC Press, 1995) p358
8. USInflation calculator.com
9. "Swiss Plane Crashes, 80 Die", Miami News, September 4, 1963, p1
10. "Negroes to School With White Tots", Nevada Daily Mail, 4 September 1963.
11. "Troopers Rush to Birmingham", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 4 September 1963.
12. "Police Bar Negroes From Schools", Glasgow Herald, 7 September 1963.
13. "Birmingham Rioting Leaves Negro Dead", 5 September 1963.
14. "History Of The Pro Football Hall Of Fame"
15. "Constitution of 1963", Phillip C. Naylor, Historical Dictionary of Algeria (Scarecrow Press, 2006) p179
16. Peter D. Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK (University of California Press, 1996) p37
17. "News— NBC", in The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows: 1946-Present, Tim Brooks and Earle F. Marsh, eds. (Random House Digital, 2010) p852
18. UN website
19. "3 Alous In Line-Up Set Record", Milwaukee Sentinel, September 11, 1963, p2-3
20. "Gangster No 1", The Guardian, April 23, 2001
21. "Italian Mafia boss, Bernardo Provenzano, is arrested", New York Times, April 11, 2006
22. "Draft Days Are Over For Married Men", Miami News, September 10, 1963, p1
23. "French Plane Crash Kills 40", Miami News, September 12, 1963, p1
24. "Indian Air Crash Kills 18", Miami News, September 11, 1963, p1
25. Bruce Adelson, Brushing Back Jim Crow: The Integration of Minor-League Baseball in the American South (University of Virginia Press, 1999) p245
26. Armağan Emre Çakır, ed., Fifty Years of EU-Turkey Relations: A Sisyphean Story (Taylor & Francis, 2010) p4
27. Malcolm Evans and Rachel Murray, The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: The System in Practice 1986–2006 (Cambridge University Press, 2008) p2
28. "Mary Kay Ash", American National Business Hall of Fame
29. Allan Kent Powell, The Utah Guide (3rd Edition) (Fulcrum Publishing, 2003) p408
30. Philip H. Melanson, The Secret Service: The Hidden History of an Enigmatic Agency (Basic Books, 2005) p61
31. "Gould, Elliott", in The Barbra Streisand Scrapbook, Allison J. Wladman, ed. (Citadel Press, 2001) p21
32. Edward McWhinney, Aerial Piracy and International Terrorism: The Illegal Diversion of Aircraft and International Law (Martinus Nijhoff, 1987) p40
33. "Calling Warlord Agents!", DownTheTubes.net
34. David Seargent, The Greatest Comets of History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars (Springer, 1979) p206
35. "Mary Ann Fischer, Whose Quintuplets Were a U.S. First, Dies at 79", New York Times, December 14, 2012
36. "Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing", in The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Gus Martin, ed. (SAGE, 2011) p545
37. Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s (Random House Digital, 2011)
38. "BOMB KILLS 4 NEGRO GIRLS", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 16, 1963, p1
39. Jackie Sheckler Finch, It Happened in Alabama: Remarkable Events That Shaped History (Globe Pequot, 2011) p102; "Birmingham's Painful Past Reopened", Los Angeles Times, April 14, 2001
40. Martin Evans and John Phillips, Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed (Yale University Press, 2007) p74
41. Christopher Winn, I Never Knew That About London (Macmillan, 2012) p96
42. Boon Kheng Cheah, Malaysia: The Making of a Nation (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002) p93
43. "Birth Of Malaysia Sets Off Riots", Miami News, September 16, 1963, p1
44. Jeffrey Sconce, Haunted Media: Electronic Presence from Telegraphy to Television (Duke University Press, 2000) p139
45. "27 Farm Workers Killed In California Train-Bus Crash", Miami News, September 18, 1963, p7
46. Bill Deane, Following the Fugitive: An Episode Guide And Handbook to the 1960s Television Series (McFarland, 2006) p4
47. Peter Busch, All the Way With JFK?: Britain, the US, and the Vietnam War (Oxford University Press, 2003) p174
48. "U.S. Launches Winged Spaceship", Miami News, September 18, 1963, p1
49. Bill Chuck, Jim Kaplan, Walk Offs, Last Licks, and Final Outs: Baseball's Grand (and Not-So-Grand) Finales (ACTA Publications, 2008) p130, p200
50. Jason D. Antos, Images of Baseball: Shea Stadium (Arcadia Publishing, 2007) p11
51. Tamara L. Brown, et al., African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision (University Press of Kentucky, Feb 17, 2012) p379; "Iota At A Glance", IotaPhiTheta.org
52. Christoph Bluth, Soviet Strategic Arms Policy Before SALT (Cambridge University Press, 1992) p77
53. "JFK PROPOSES JOINT MOON SHOT", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 16, 1963, p1; Matt's Today in History
54. Steven J. Dick and Roger D. Launius, Societal Impact of Spaceflight (Government Printing Office, 2009) p34
55. Patrick Robertson, Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011); "Albert William Liley (1929–1983)", in The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, Arizona State University
56. Leong Sze Lee, Retrospect on the Dust-Laden History: The Past and Present of Tekong Island in Singapore (World Scientific, 2011) p67
57. "Morgan, Joe Leonard", in The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia: Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Soccer, Dave Blevins, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p693
58. G. S. Prentzas, Race Car Legends: Mario Andretti (Infobase Publishing, 2007) p32
59. Heonik Kwon, The 'Other' Cold War (Columbia University Press, 2010) p180
60. "Senate Ratifies Test Ban Pact By Vote of 80-19", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 25, 1963, p1
61. Ronald E. Powaski, March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 1987) pp111-112
62. Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (W. W. Norton & Company, 2001) p226
63. "Fireworks Blast Kills 18", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 25, 1963, p1
64. "Army Overthrows Bosch", Miami News, September 25, 1963, p1
65. "Dominicans Pick 3 To Lead Nation", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1963, p1
66. "HOUSE PASSES INCOME TAX CUT", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 26, 1963, p1
67. Michael Meagher and Larry D. Gragg, John F. Kennedy: A Biography: A Biography (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p119
68. "Macmillan Cleared In Sex Scandal", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 26, 1963, p1
69. "Gerhardsen, Einar", in The A to Z of Norway, Jan Sjåvik, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p86
70. "Fugitive Robber Put on 'Top 10'", Bakersfield (CA) Californian, September 26, 1963, p7; "FBI's Latest'List' Addition Captured", Bakersfield (CA) Californian, September 27, 1963, p5
71. "Driver Sees Red, Crashes White House", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1963, p1
72. "Mets Thump Rookies", San Antonio Express And News, September 28, 1963, p5-B
73. The Warren Commission Report (Government Printing Office, 1964) p413
74. Stephen Davis, Jim Morrison: Life, Death, Legend (Penguin, 2005) p42
75. John-Peter Pham, Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession (Oxford University Press, 2004) p xxii
76. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (Zed Books, 2002) p125
77. David Whitbread, The Design Manual (University of New South Wales Press, 2009) pp290–291