June 1962

1962 January February March April May June July August September October November December

<<	June 1962					>>
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
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03	04	05	06	07	08	09
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30

June 11, 1962: Three prisoners manage to escape from Alcatraz

June 19, 1962: Escape from East Berlin to be made more difficult

The following events occurred in June 1962:

June 1, 1962 (Friday)

• The Soviet Union raised the price of consumer goods by more than 25 percent in order to cover higher operating expenses for the U.S.S.R.'s collective farm program. Butter was up 25%, and pork and beef by 30%.^[1] In protest, workers walked off of the job at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Factory and the strike soon turned into an uprising.^[2]
• Died: Josef Ospelt, 81, first Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
• Died: Adolf Eichman, 56, German SS officer, war criminal and a major organiser of the Holocaust; executed at Ramlah, Israel

June 2, 1962 (Saturday)

• Novocherkassk massacre: The day after price rises took effect in the Soviet Union, protests in the city of Novocherkassk were brutally suppressed. Strikers marched to the center of town, where they were joined by other protesters. After word spread that some of the strike leaders had been arrested, the local Communist party headquarters was invaded, after which the group marched into the police station^[2] and at 1:10 pm, after firing a warning volley of shots, one of the units of soldiers fired into the crowd.^[3] It was revealed thirty years later that 23 people were killed, and 116 arrested. Of those arrested, seven were convicted of sedition and executed, while others received prison terms ranging from 10 to 15 years.^[4] The news was kept out of the Soviet press. Months later, unofficial reports in the West referred to "hundreds" of deaths^[5] and in 1976, Alexander Solzhenitsyn's book The Gulag Archipelago reported more than 70 deaths.^[6] The Soviet government finally confirmed the killings on June 3, 1989 in an article in Komsomolskaya Pravda.^[7]
• 1962 World Cup: Playing in the Group 3 round robin games at Viña del Mar, Chile, the national soccer football teams of Brazil and Czechoslovakia had a 0-0 tie.^[8] Finishing first and second in Group 3, both would advance to the knockout stage of 16 teams, and would meet again in the 1962 FIFA World Cup Final.
• El Porteñazo, a military rebellion in Venezuela, is launched.
• Born: Paula Newby-Fraser, Zimbabwean triathlete; eight time gold medalist in women's Ironman World Championship (1986, 1988–89, 1991–94, 1996); in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe); and Carolyn Hennesy, American actress, in Los Angeles
• Died: Vita Sackville-West, 70, English writer and landscape gardener; and Sandra Tewkesbury, 20, Canadian figure skater, in a car accident at Guelph, Ontario

June 3, 1962 (Sunday)

• Air France Flight 007, chartered as the Chateau de Sully, overran the runway on takeoff from Orly Airport in Paris, killing all 122 passengers and 8 of the 10 crewmembers at 12:29 pm local time. Two flight attendants survived. Most (106 of the 122) of the victims were cultural and civic leaders of the Atlanta Art Association, who were on their way home after a tour of Europe. The Boeing 707 crashed through an airport fence and into the woods near the village of Villeneuve-le-Roi.^[9]
• The 1954 peace agreement between India and China, which had taken effect on June 4, 1959, expired pursuant to its Article 6, "This Agreement shall remain in force for eight years". The two most populous nations in the world would fight the Sino-Indian War beginning on October 20.^[10]
• The Albanian parliamentary election was won by the only party on the ballot, the Democratic Front, which officially received 889,868 of the 889,875 votes cast. The other seven were "no" votes against the slate of candidates.^[11]
• The 1962 Monaco Grand Prix was won by Bruce McLaren.
• The 1962 Six Hour Le Mans was run at the Caversham Airfield circuit in Western Australia and won by Derek Jolly and John Roxburgh.
• Born: Sarika, Indian actress, in New Delhi

June 4, 1962 (Monday)

• The first atomic energy was generated in Canada as the Nuclear Power Demonstration went online at Rolphton, Ontario.^[12]
• Plans to detonate an American nuclear weapon, 40 miles above the Earth, were halted one minute and 40 seconds before the scheduled explosion. Failure of the tracking system in the Thor missile led to the decision to blow the warhead apart without an atomic blast.^[13]
• In the Bolivian legislative election, a new National Congress was elected for one-third of the seats.
• The 1962 Isle of Man TT races were held at the Snaefell Mountain Course.
• Born: Hakainde Hichilema, Zambian politician, in Monze West
• Died: Clem McCarthy, 79, American sportscaster; and William Beebe, 84, American ornithologist
• Died: Bela Lapusnyik, 26, Hungarian intelligence officer, four weeks after defecting to Austria. Lapusnyik had provided secrets to Western investigators until June 1, when he suddenly became ill, apparently from poisoning.^[14]

June 5, 1962 (Tuesday)

• The Amazing Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, was introduced by Marvel Comics with the publication of Amazing Fantasy#15. With a cover date of August 1962, the issue was placed on newsstands on June 5, 1962, according to the copyright renewal filed in 1990.^[15]
• The first Thrifty Acres hypermarket, combining a grocery store and a large department store, was opened by Hendrik Meijer and Frederik Meijer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, inaugurating the "supercenter" concept in groceries.^[16]
• The Honda S360 was unveiled at the 11th National Honda Meeting General Assembly, held at Suzuka Circuit.
• Former U.S. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon won the Republican Party nomination for Governor of California, to challenge the Democrat nominee, Governor Pat Brown.^[17]
• William Philbin was appointed Bishop of Down and Connor in Ireland.
• Born: Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este, in Laeken; Tõnis Lukas, Estonian politician, in Tallinn
• Died: Jacques Gréber, 79, French architect
• Died: A. Edward Smith, 60, the first Republican candidate for Governor of Georgia since the 19th century, was killed when his station wagon collided head-on with a truck.^[18]

June 6, 1962 (Wednesday)

• Helicopter pilot Ron Boyd led searchers to the wreckage of a Fairchild 24 single-engine plane that had been missing since August 28, 1951, along with the skeletons of Toronto Maple Leafs' star Bill Barilko and pilot Henry Hudson. Another helicopter pilot, Cary Fields, had spotted signs of the wrecked plane on May 31.^[19] The crash site was found about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Cochrane, Ontario.^[20][21] about 35 miles off course.
• Sir Henry Josiah Lightfoot Boston became the first indigenous Governor-General of Sierra Leone.
• France's Colonial Medal (Médaille Coloniale) became the Médaille d'Outre-Mer.
• U.S. President John F. Kennedy gave the commencement address at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.^[22]
• The Beatles first auditioned for record producer George Martin at the Abbey Road Studios.^[23]
• Woolco, the attempt by the F.W. Woolworth Company to enter the discount department store market, opened its first store, in Columbus, Ohio.^[24]
• Born: Albita Rodríguez, Cuban singer, producer and composer, in Havana
• Died: Abba Ahimeir, 64, Jewish journalist, historian and political activist; Yves Klein, 34, French artist (heart attack)

June 7, 1962 (Thursday)

• President Kennedy announced in a press conference that he would seek "an across-the-board reduction in personal and corporate income taxes", commenting that "Our tax structure, as presently weighted, exerts too heavy a drain on a prospering economy."^[25] At the time, earnings of more than $200,000 were in a 91% federal tax bracket. In 1965, the top rate would drop to 70% . By 1988, the highest rate would be 28% for income over $31,050. The current high rate is 40% on income over $378,250.^[26] On the same day, he presented a Congressional gold medal to the mother of Thomas Anthony Dooley III at a White House ceremony.^[27]
• Born: Thierry Hazard, French singer, in Compiègne (as Thierry Gesteau)
• Died: Albert Dovecar, 24, Croatian soldier, and Claude Piegts, 28, Algerian pied-noir, both executed by firing squad at the Fort du Trou d'Enfer for their part in the assassination of French National Police Divisional Commissaire Roger Gavoury during the Algerian War;^[28]
• Died: Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, 83, President of El Salvador 1934-1935 and 1944

June 8, 1962 (Friday)

• Marilyn Monroe was fired by 20th Century Fox because of her frequent absences from the filming of the movie Something's Got to Give. Over a course of seven weeks of shooting, she had only appeared on five days.^[29]
• Pakistan's new constitution took effect, giving President Muhammad Ayub Khan veto power over a new, single-chamber National Assembly, elected by a group of 80,000 "basic democrats". The document would remain in effect until 1969.^[30]
• Soviet authorities gave the go-ahead for the construction of the Ust-Ilimsk Hydroelectric Power Station.
• Bob Hope received the U.S. Congressional Gold Medal.
• Sir Alfred Dudley Ward became Governor of Gibraltar.
• The city of Villa Hills, Kentucky, was incorporated.
• Born: Juan Carlos Osorio, Colombian footballer and football manager, in Santa Rosa de Cabal.
• Died: William Stanley Braithwaite, 82, American writer and poet

June 9, 1962 (Saturday)

Park

Franco

• South Korea's military leader Park Chung Hee ordered a surprise currency reform, freezing all bank accounts and ordering that the South Korean hwan be exchanged by the end of Monday in favor of the new South Korean won, at the rate of 10 hwan for each new won.^[31] On June 16, a decree was issued to take individual bank account money, above a set limit, for a required purchase of stock in the government-owned Korean Industrial Development Corporation, and Park would later be forced to rescind both emergency measures under pressure from the United States.^[32]
• Spain's dictator Francisco Franco announced a two-year suspension of the constitutional right of Spanish citizens to live elsewhere in the country. Franco limited the privilege to supporters of his government, in response to strikes that had halted activity in the nation.^[33]
• As part of its immigration reform, Canada granted amnesty to Chinese persons who had entered the nation illegally prior to July 1, 1960.^[34]
• The 1962 Giro d'Italia cycle race was won by Franco Balmamion.
• The Roman Catholic Diocese of Veracruz was established in Mexico.
• The frigate USS McCloy (FF-1038) was launched at Westwego, Louisiana.
• Died: Polly Adler, 62, Russian-born American bordello operator

June 10, 1962 (Sunday)

• Cuban Missile Crisis: Operation Anadyr, to place Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, was approved unanimously by the Presidium of the Soviet Union on the recommendation of Defense Minister Rodion Malinovsky and Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev. Under the plan, 24 medium-range nuclear missiles and 16 intermediate-range missiles would be placed in Cuba, and a total of 50,874 Soviet military personnel would be placed on the island to defend against an invasion.^[35]
• In the elections for President of Peru, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre obtained more votes (557,047) than the other two major candidates, Fernando Belaúnde Terry (544,180) and former president Manuel A. Odría (480,798), while another 108,593 votes were split among four minor candidates. However, the Constitution required that a candidate receive at least one-third of the popular vote to win, and Haya had 32.95% of the 1,690,618 ballots cast, falling 6,493 votes short.^[36] Before the Congress of Peru could meet to decide the election, the government would be overthrown on July 18 and the results annulled. A new election would be held on June 6, 1963, with Belaúnde winning the presidency.^[37]
• The first popular vote in Cambodia took place, as citizens went to the polls to approve the Sangkum candidates for Parliament. Although there were no choices, an author notes that the election "did get people used to the mechanics of voting, which would be of significant value in 1966".^[38]
• Soviet athlete Igor Ter-Ovanesyan set a new world long jump record of 8.31 metres (27'3"), breaking the record set by Ralph Boston.^[39]
• Born: Gina Gershon, American actress, singer and author, in Los Angeles; Maxi Priest, British reggae singer, in Lewisham, London; and Wong Ka Kui, Hong Kong composer, songwriter, musician and singer, in Hong Kong (died 1993)
• Died: Trygve Gulbranssen, 68, Norwegian novelist, businessman and journalist

June 11, 1962 (Monday)

• Frank Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin became the last prisoners to escape from the Alcatraz Island federal penitentiary.^[40] They were not recaptured, nor were their bodies ever located by searchers, and were presumed to have drowned.^[41] The Alcatraz prison Clint Eastwood would later portray Morris in the 1979 film Escape from Alcatraz.
• A crisis in Laos, that threatened to become a major war, was resolved when warring princes Souvanna Phouma, Souphanouvong and Boun Oum agreed to form a coalition government.^[42]
• President Kennedy gave the commencement address at Yale University.^[43]
• Innes Ireland won the 1962 Crystal Palace Trophy motor race.

June 12, 1962 (Tuesday)

• The European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters entered into effect, after having been opened for signing on April 20, 1959.^[44]
• Three days before his high school graduation, 18-year-old George Lucas survived a near-fatal car crash caused by a fellow student. Lucas would abandon a dream to become a race car driver, and went on to become a successful filmmaker.^[45]
• The mother of 15-year-old William Jefferson Blythe filed a petition to change her son's name, at his request, to that of her recently divorced husband. Afterward, Blythe would be known as Bill Clinton and would become President of the United States under that name in 1993.^[46]
• The Canaima National Park was established in Venezuela.
• Sir Dawda Jawara became the first prime minister of The Gambia.
• Khan Habibullah Khan became Interior Minister of Pakistan.
• Born: Michael Aondoakaa, Nigerian lawyer and politician, in Benue
• Died: John Ireland, 82, English composer

June 13, 1962 (Wednesday)

• Lee Harvey Oswald arrived back in the United States on the Dutch cruise ship S.S. Maasdam, after more than two years away in Russia. Oswald, who would kill U.S. President Kennedy less than 18 months later, brought with him his wife and daughter. The family was greeted on arrival in New York by Mr. Spas T. Rankin of the Travelers Aid Society of New York.^[47]
• Rookie baseball pitcher Bo Belinsky, having spent the previous night partying with celebrities including Eddie Fisher, Dean Martin, Keely Smith and Henry Fonda, was arrested and charged with assaulting a nightclub attendant.^[48]
• Born: Ally Sheedy, American film actress (Wargames, The Breakfast Club), in New York City

June 14, 1962 (Thursday)

• Following a successful pilot episode shown in January, the classic British sitcom Steptoe and Son began its 12-year run on BBC. Described as "the most popular situation comedy in British television history", the series about junk dealer Albert Steptoe (Wilfrid Brambell) and his son Harold (Harry H. Corbett) would later inspired an American counterpart, Sanford and Son^[49]
• Anna E. Siesers, 55, was found dead in her apartment in Boston, raped and strangled to death. Before the end of the summer, four other women would be raped and strangled in and near Boston. They would be first victims of the serial killer nicknamed "The Boston Strangler".^[50]
• The Convention for a European Space Research Organisation was signed in Paris by ten European nations. It would take effect on March 20, 1964, and establish the forerunner of the European Space Agency.^[51]
• The West Lothian by-election in the UK, brought about by the death of the sitting MP, resulted in the election of Tam Dalyell.
• Died: Count Otto von Czernin, 86, Austro-Hungarian diplomat; Bernie Babcock, 94, American author

June 15, 1962 (Friday)

• Students for a Democratic Society completed the Port Huron Statement, written by Tom Hayden at the SDS convention in Port Huron, Michigan. The introductory statement was "We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit."^[52]
• The 1962 Atlantic hurricane season began, but no storms would form for another two months.
• The International Court of Justice voted 9-3 to award the Preah Vihear Temple to Cambodia rather than Thailand, resolving a dispute between the two nations.^[53]
• On the death of his father, Viscount Hinchingbrooke succeeded to the earldom of Sandwich, obliging him to give up his seat in the British House of Commons.
• Died: Alfred Cortot, 84, Swiss classical musician
• Died: Eugeniusz Baziak, 72, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kraków. His successor would be Karol Wojtyla, who would, in 1978, become Pope John Paul II

June 16, 1962 (Saturday)

• The New Yorker magazine published the first of three excerpts of Rachel Carson's upcoming book, Silent Spring, receiving more response than it ever had for any previous article. Carson's book, credited with launching the environmental movement, would be published on September 27.^[54]
• Twenty years after Outward Bound had been launched in Wales, the first Outward Bound USA school, located at Marble, Colorado, was opened.^[55]
• English cricketer Geoffrey Boycott began his 24-year professional career, appearing for the Yorkshire County Cricket Club.^[56]
• In the commencement address for the University of Michigan, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara publicly announced a new nuclear strategy for the United States, declaring that "principal military objectives... should be the destruction of the enemy's military forces, not of his civilian population."^[57]
• South Korean Prime Minister Song Yo Chan and his cabinet resigned after disagreeing with General Park Chung Hee's drastic currency reform.^[58]
• Born: Femi Kuti, Nigerian musician, in London, England, to musician Fela Kuti; Arnold Vosloo, South African actor, in Pretoria
• Died: Aleksei Antonov, 65, Soviet World War II general

June 17, 1962 (Sunday)

• Brazil beat Czechoslovakia 3–1 to win the 1962 FIFA World Cup Final, played in Santiago, Chile. Czechoslovakia was ahead 1-0 on a goal by Josef Masopust, eleven minutes into the game and the teams were tied 1-1 at halftime. Zito hit a goal from Brazil at the 69th minute for a 2-1 edge. At 78 minutes, In the second half, Czechoslovakian goalie Viliam Schrojf was blinded by the sun, allowing Brazil's Vavá to score the final goal for the 3-1 win.^[59]
• The OAS signed a truce with the FLN in Algeria, but a day later announced that it would continue the fight on behalf of French Algerians.^[60]
• In the UK, British Railways closed the former South Eastern Railway motive power depot at Bricklayers' Arms in London, after 118 years in operation.^[61]
• Jack Nicklaus, 22 years old at the time, won the U.S. Open golf tournament in a playoff against Arnold Palmer at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont, Pennsylvania. The two had tied at 283 at the end of 72 holes the day before. On the 18-hole playoff, Nicklaus had 71 and Palmer 74. It was Nicklaus's first professional tournament victory, and the first of eighteen major championships he would win in his career.^[62]

June 18, 1962 (Monday)

• Scorpius X-1, the first cosmic x-ray source to be discovered by mankind, was found by instruments on an Aerobee rocket on a six-minute mission. A team at White Sands, New Mexico, led by physicist Riccardo Giacconi, had been looking only to measure the reflection of x-ray radiation from the Sun off of the Moon, and found far more. "Sco X-1" was later found to be matter from a normal star falling into a neutron star.^[63] The serendipitous discovery "would later be heralded as the birth of X-ray astronomy.^[64]
• The Canadian federal election, 1962, saw Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservative Party of Canada lose its majority in the House of Commons. The PCP was left with only 116 of the 265 seats, after having had 203, while Lester Pearson's Liberal Party increased its share from 49 to 100.^[65] Diefenbaker retained his office, but with a reconstituted ministry.
• Park Chung-hee replaced Song Yo Chan as Chief Minister of South Korea.^[66]

June 19, 1962 (Tuesday)

• The second phase of building the Berlin Wall was commenced. Not only was the outer wall along the border with West Berlin increased, but buildings along the border were torn down in order to clear an area at that extended at least 30 meters further from the border. The in-between area was then filled with land mines and other deterrents to escape.^[67]
• The best-selling live album Tony Bennett at Carnegie Hall was recorded. New York radio personality Jonathan Schwartz would later comment, "That was the night that Tony Bennett became Tony Bennett", as the singer performed 44 songs.^[68]
• Eric Gairy was dismissed as Chief Minister of Grenada, at that time a British colony, after a government inquiry found financial irregularities in the nation's budget.^[69]
• A second American attempt, at a nuclear explosion in outer space, ended in failure, two weeks after the first try. Before the Thor missile reached its altitude of 200 miles, the warhead was blown apart by ground control.^[70]
• Born:
  • Paula Abdul, American singer/choreographer, in San Fernando, California
  • Jude Célestin, Haitian politician, in Grand-Gosier
  • Ashish Vidyarthi, Indian actor, in Tellicherry, Kerala state
• Died: Frank Borzage, 59, American film director

June 20, 1962 (Wednesday)

• Morocco halted the emigration of its Jewish minority after several months of permitting the group to depart the Muslim nation, primarily to Israel.^[71]
• John Coltrane recorded the jazz standard Impressions

General DeWitt

• Died: General John L. DeWitt, 82, remembered primarily for recommending and co-ordinating the Japanese American internment of 110,000 American citizens during World War II

June 21, 1962 (Thursday)

• The toxic defoliant Agent Orange was first tested, at a grassy area on the Eglin Air Force Base near Valparaiso, Florida.^[72]
• The Tacuara Nationalist Movement of Argentina abducted a 19-year-old Jewish girl, Graciela Sirota, tortured her and scarred her with Swastika signs.^[73]

June 22, 1962 (Friday)

• Air France Flight 117, a Boeing 707 jet, crashed into terrain during bad weather while attempting to land on the island of Guadeloupe, West Indies, killing all 113 on board.^[74] It was the airline's second fatal accident in 3 weeks, and the third fatal 707 crash of the year.
• Incarcerated in the Atlanta federal prison for narcotics trafficking, Joseph Valachi escaped being murdered on orders of his cellmate and former Cosa Nostra boss, Vito Genovese, by committing a murder of his own. Valachi's victim was John Joseph Saupp, who resembled another Atlanta inmate, Mafioso Joseph di Palermo. Saupp would die two days later; Valachi, placed in solitary confinement, would reveal critical information about the Mafia in Congressional hearings, and his memoirs would become a bestselling publication, The Valachi Papers and later a film.^[75]
• The 12th Berlin International Film Festival opened.
• Born: Clyde Drexler, American NBA player and Hall of Famer, in New Orleans
• Died: Francis H. Case, 65, incumbent U.S. Senator for South Dakota

June 23, 1962 (Saturday)

• The United States secretly sent word to the People's Republic of China that it would disassociate itself from any further plans by Nationalist China (on the island of Taiwan) to invade and retake the mainland from the Communists. Although the U.S. and Communist China did not have diplomatic relations at the time, both had ambassadors in Poland.^[76] In Warsaw, U.S. Ambassador John Moors Cabot spoke with China's Wang Ping-nan to communicate the decision, made on June 20. At the same time, the U.S. reiterated that it would defend Taiwan in the event of a Communist invasion.^[77]
• Don Newcombe, former Brooklyn Dodgers all-star pitcher, became the first Major League Baseball player to appear in a Japanese professional baseball game. The 36-year-old African-American debuted as a first baseman for the Chunichi Dragons of Nagoya, in a 5-4 win at Hiroshima over the Hiroshima Carp.^[78] Larry Doby, who had been the second African-American in Major League Baseball, would join Newcombe on the Dragons as the second American to play Japanese baseball.^[79]
• Born: Shriti Vadera, Baroness Vadera, British investment banker and politician, in Uganda

June 24, 1962 (Sunday)

• The visiting New York Yankees defeated the Detroit Tigers, 9-7, in a baseball game that took a record seven hours to complete, running from 1:30pm to 8:30 pm, after being tied 7-7 at the end of the usual nine innings. Although the 22 inning game was four short of the record of 26 (May 1, 1920, a 1-1 Dodgers/Braves tie), it beat the record of 5 hours, 19 minutes for a July 5, 1940 Dodgers 6-2 win over the Braves).^[80] The current MLB record was the Chicago White Sox's 7-6 win over the Milwaukee Braves in 8 hours and 6 minutes (and 25 innings) on May 8–9, 1984.^[81]
• The 1962 Tour de France cycle race began at Nancy.
• Malcolm Arnold's Concerto for Two Violins and String Orchestra premièred at the Bath International Music Festival, with Yehudi Menuhin and his pupil Alberto Lysy as soloists.
• American TV director Lawrence Dobkin married actress Joanna Barnes.
• Died Lucile Watson, 83, Canadian actress

June 25, 1962 (Monday)

• Engel v. Vitale: The United States Supreme Court ruled, 6-1, that mandatory prayers in public schools were unconstitutional.^[82] The suit had been filed after the school board of New Hyde Park, New York had ordered each class to start the school day with the prayer, "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our Country", under the recommendation of the state Board of Regents. The decision affected an estimated 39,000,000 public school students.^[83]
• FRELIMO, the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, was founded in Tanzania by a merger of the National Democratic Union of Mozambique, the National Union for the Independence of Mozambique, and the National African Union of Mozambique, with Eduardo Mondlane as its first president. Mozambique would gain independence from Portugal on the June 25, 1975, under the leadership of FRELIMO leader Samora Machel, on the 13th anniversary of the organization's founding.^[84]
• Actress Sophia Loren and her husband, producer Carlo Ponti, were ordered to stand trial on bigamy charges.^[85]
• İsmet İnönü of CHP formed the new government of Turkey (27th government, coalition partners; YTP and CKMP).
• MANual Enterprises v. Day: The United States Supreme Court ruled that photographs of nude men were not obscene, decriminalizing nude male pornographic magazines, and applying the same standard, for erotic magazines aimed at heterosexual readers, to homosexual readers.^[86]

June 26, 1962 (Tuesday)

• The Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi, scheduled to become independent in five days, was split into two nations, by a 93-0 vote of the United Nations General Assembly. On July 1, the Republic of Rwanda and the Kingdom of Burundi were created.^[87]
• U.S. Representative Roy A. Taylor of North Carolina became the first member of Congress to propose a constitutional amendment to overcome the Supreme Court's ruling banning prayer in public schools. Miller's suggested 24th Amendment stated "Notwithstanding the 1st or 14th Article of Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prayers may be offered and the Bible may be read in connection with the program of any public school in the United States."^[88] In all, 56 Representatives and Senarors offered amendments, none of which were approved for submission for ratification.^[89]
• A two-day steel strike began in Italy, in support of increased wages and a 5-day working week.
• Born: George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews, in London, grandson of a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II; at the time of his birth, he was tenth in line of succession to the British throne

June 27, 1962 (Wednesday)

• After IBM rejected the idea of 32-year-old employee H. Ross Perot, to sell computer programs along with its equipment, Perot quit and invested $1,000 of his savings to create Electronic Data Systems (EDS). When Medicare was created in 1965, EDS contracted with two states to process the claims, turning the company into a multibillion-dollar corporation and making a billionaire of Perot.^[90]
• Born: Michael Ball, Welsh singer and actor, in Bromsgrove, England; and Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, Hong Kong film star, in Hong Kong
• Died: Maria Dermoût, 74, Indo novelist

June 28, 1962 (Thursday)

• Four different Lutheran groups—the United Lutheran Church in America, the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, the American Evangelical Lutheran Church, and the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church—merged to form the Lutheran Church in America, with 6,125 congregations and 3,186,310 members. Ar a ceremony at Detroit's Cobo Hall, four tall candles were put together to create one large flame.^[91]
• John Henry Faulk, an American disc jockey whose career had been ruined by false charges that he was a Communist, was awarded $3.5 million by a New York jury.^[92]

June 29, 1962 (Friday)

• Phonevision, a pay TV service operated by Zenith Radio Company, began a pay-per-view service in Hartford, Connecticut, sending scrambled signals in addition to the regular programming on WHCT Channel 18. On the first night, subscribers with Phonevision decoders (and one dollar) were able to watch the recent (1960) film Sunrise at Campobello with no commercial interruptions. The service never attracted enough subscribers to break even, and ended on January 31, 1969.^[93]
• In the 1962 FIBA European Champions Cup Final basketball match, Dynamo Tbilisi defeat Real Madrid 90-83.
• Born: Amanda Donohoe, English actress, in London

June 30, 1962 (Saturday)

• Unrestricted immigration, of British Empire subjects, to the United Kingdom was curtailed as the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 took effect, putting a quota on how many government vouchers would be issued for each nation. Restrictions would become stricter in 1971^[94]
• The last soldiers of the French Foreign Legion left Algeria.
• The ownership of the news magazine U.S. News & World Report was turned over, by founder and owner David Lawrence, to the 285 employees who had been working there for at least one year.^[95]
• Born: Tony Fernández, Dominican MLB shortstop, in San Pedro de Macorís
• Died: Frederick Hazlitt Brennan, 60, American screenwriter who had created the Wyatt Earp television series, by suicide

References

1. "Nik Hikes Prices To Pay Farmers", Miami News, June 2, 1962, p2
2. David Mandel, Perestroika and the Soviet People: Rebirth of the Labour Movement (Black Rose Books, 1991) pp7-8
3. Samuel H. Baron, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union: Novocherkassk, 1962 (Stanford University Press, 2001) p74
4. Christopher Shulgan, The Soviet Ambassador: The Making of the Radical Behind Perestroika (Random House Digital, 2011) p76
5. "US Confirms Reports of Russ Riots", Milwaukee Sentinel, October 9, 1962, p2
6. "Gulag book tells of riot", Montreal Gazette, November 15, 1976, p13
7. "Soviet Paper Lists Secret '62 Killings", New York Times, June 3, 1989
8. "AGIGANTADA Checoeslovaquia Igualo con los BRASILEROS" ("Czechoslovakia grows gigantic, equals the Brazilians"), El Tiempo (Bogota), June 3, 1962, p13
9. "130 Killed in Flames of Worst Air Disaster", Miami News, June 2, 1962, p1; Ann Uhry Abrams, Explosion at Orly: The Disaster That Transformed Atlanta (Avion Press, 2002)
10. Claude Arpi, Tibet: The Lost Frontier (Lancer Publishers, 2008) p292
11. Richard F. Staar, Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe (Hoover Press, 1982) p8
12. Canada Enters the Nuclear Age: A Technical History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited as Seen from Its Research Laboratories (McGill-Queens University Press, 1997) p18
13. "Atomic Missile Blown Up In Pacific Testing", Miami News, June 4, 1962, p1
14. Boris Volodarsky, The KGB's Poison Factory: From Lenin to Litvinenko (MBI Publishing, 2010) pp118-119
15. "Amazing Fantasy #15"
16. Bill Smith and Larry Ten Harmsel, Meijer: Stories of His Life (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2009) p124
17. "Nixon Comes Back Strong", Miami News, June 6, 1962, p1
18. "Crash Kills Georgia Republican Leader", Miami News, June 2, 1962, p1
19. "Plane Debris Found- One Body Barilko's", Montreal Gazette, June 7, 1962, p1
20. Fitzpatrick, Todd (1999-06-07). "Bashin' Bill". The Sporting News. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
21. "Millennium Moment: Fifty Mission Cap". University of Western Ontario Gazette. 1999-05-28. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
22. Gregory A. Daddis, No Sure Victory: Measuring U.S. Army Effectiveness and Progress in the Vietnam War (Oxford University Press, 2011) p43
23. Gordon Thompson, Please Please Me: Sixties British Pop, Inside Out (Oxford University Press, 2008) p62
24. Jean Maddern Pitrone, F.W. Woolworth and the American Five and Dime (McFarland, 2003) p161; "Woolco Stores To Close", Oxnard (CA) Press-Courier, September 25, 1982, p1
25. Irving Bernstein, Promises Kept: John F. Kennedy's New Frontier (Oxford University Press, 1993) p148
26. "Income Tax Rates 1916-2012"
27. "Dr. Dooley's Mother Accepts Son's Honor", Milwaukee Journal, June 7, 1962, p1
28. "31 mai 1961 : assassinat à Alger du commissaire Gavoury". LDH Toulon (in French). Ligue des Droits de l'Homme. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
29. "Something Gave: Studio Boots Elusive MM", Miami News, June 9, 1962, p3
30. Christophe Jaffrelot, A History Of Pakistan And Its Origins (Anthem Press, 2004) pp71-72
31. Mark Clifford, Troubled Tiger: Businessmen, Bureaucrats, and Generals in South Korea (M.E. Sharpe, 1998) p62
32. Byung-Kook Kim and Ezra F. Vogel, eds., The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea (Harvard University Press, 2011) pp75–76
33. "Stay Put! Franco Orders Spanish", Miami News, June 9, 1962, p1
34. James P. Lynch and Rita J. Simon, Immigration the World Over: Statutes, Policies, and Practices (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p57
35. Kenneth Michael Absher, Mind-Sets and Missiles: A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis (Strategic Studies Institute, 2009) p26
36. Daniel M. Masterson, Militarism and Politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991) p181
37. Josep H. Colomer, Political Institutions: Democracy and Social Choice (Oxford University Press, 2001) pp109-110
38. Justin J. Corfield, The History of Cambodia (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p58
39. "Russian Sets Mark", Miami News, June 9, 1962, p3C
40. "Escape Tried at Alcatraz", Milwaukee Journal, June 12, 1962, p1
41. Tina Westbrook, Letters from Alcatraz: Forty Years Later (Trafford Publishing, 2010) pp5-6
42. Michael O'Brien, John F. Kennedy: A Biography (Macmillan, 2005) p615; "Laos Princes Reach Accord On Coalition", Pittsburgh Press, June 11, 1962, p1
43. Michael Meagher, Larry D. Gragg, John F. Kennedy: A Biography (ABC-CLIO, Jul 31, 2011) pp117-118
44. Dennis Campbell, ed., Mergers and Acquisitions in North America, Latin America, Asia and the Pacific: Selected Issues and Jurisdictions (Kluwer Law International, 2011) p353
45. "George Lucas, California Car Culture, and "The Crash" in '62", by Richard Ravalli
46. Roger Morris, Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America (Regnery Publishing, 1999) p52
47. Jim Marrs, Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy (Basic Books, 1989) p128
48. Mark McGuire and Michael Sean Gormley, Moments in the Sun: Baseball's Briefly Famous (McFarland, 1999) p17
49. Steptoe and Son, Museum of Broadcast Communication
50. "Boston Strangler", in The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers (Michael Newton, ed.) (Infobase Publishing, 2006) p25
51. Lodewijk Woltjer, Europe's Quest for the Universe: ESO and the VLT, ESA and Other Projects (EDP Sciences, 2006) p161
52. Rodney P. Carlisle and J. Geoffrey Golson, eds., America in Revolt During the 1960s and 1970s (ABC-CLIO, 2007) p176
53. Kenton J. Clymer, The United States and Cambodia, 1870-1969: From Curiosity to Confrontation (RoutledgeCurzon, 2004) p92
54. Arlene R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Greenwood Publishing, 2004) p105
55. Jurgen Herbst, Women Pioneers of Public Education: How Culture Came to the Wild West (Macmillan, 2008) p152
56. Leo McKinstry, Geoff Boycott: A Cricketing Hero (HarperCollins UK, 2010)
57. Gérard Chaliand, The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age (University of California Press, 1994) p1019
58. "Korean Cabinet Quits In Fiscal Dispute", Pittsburgh Press, June 17, 1962, p9
59. "Brazil Takes World Title, Beats Czechoslovakia 3-1", Montreal Gazette, June 18, 1962, p20
60. Phillip C. Naylor, Historical Dictionary Of Algeria (Scarecrow Press, 2006) p372
61. "Bricklayers Arms". Kent Rail. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
62. "Jack Nicklaus Takes U.S. Open", Montreal Gazette, June 18, 1962, p17
63. Mark De Rond and Iain Morley, Serendipity: Fortune and the Prepared Mind (Cambridge University Press,2010) p77
64. Eric M. Schlegel, Restless Universe: Understanding X-Ray Astronomy in the Age of Chandra and Newton (Oxford University Press, 2002) p19
65. "Dief Loses His Grip On Canada", Miami News, June 19, 1962, p2A; Allan Levine, Scrum Wars: The Prime Ministers and the Media (Dundurn Press, 1996) p228
66. "Prime Minister Named in Korea", Milwaukee Journal, June 18, 1962, p4
67. Gordon L. Rottman and Chris Taylor, The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961-89 (Osprey Publishing, 2008) pp33-34
68. David Evanier, All the Things You Are: The Life of Tony Bennett (John Wiley & Sons, 2011) pp133-134
69. David Lea and Colette Milward, A Political Chronology of The Americas (Europa Publications, 2001) p126
70. "Nuclear Shot Fails Again", Milwaukee Journal, June 20, 1962, p2
71. Malka Hillel Shulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands (Continuum International, 2001) p109
72. Alvin L. Young, The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (Springer, 2009) pp193–194
73. Tacuara salió a la calle, Página/12, May 15, 2005 (Spanish)
74. "ANOTHER 707 JET CRASHES, 103 FEARED LOST ON ISLE"", Miami News, June 22, 1962, p1
75. Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers (HarperCollins, 1968, 2003) pp1-8
76. John W. Garver, The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia (M.E. Sharpe, 1997) p9
77. "Reds Reportedly Warned By U.S.", Lewiston (ID) Morning Tribune , June 27, 1962, p1
78. "Newk In First Game", Daytona Beach (FL) Sunday News-Journal, June 24, 1962, p1-B
79. "Larry Doby to Play Baseball in Japan", Reading (PA) Eagle, June 24, 1962, p31
80. "Yankees Tip Tigers, 9-7 In 22 Historic Innings", Windsor (ON) Star, June 25, 1962, p19
81. Baseball-Almanac.com
82. "PRAYER RULED OUT IN SCHOOL", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 26, 1962, p1
83. Nat Hentoff, "The First Freedom: The Tumultuous History of Free Speech in America", (Random House Digital, 2012)
84. Emmanuel Gyimah-Boadi, Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004) p184
85. "Sophia Indicted on Bigamy Charges"", Miami News, June 25, 1962, p1
86. James T. Sears, Behind the Mask of the Mattachine: The Hal Call Chronicles And the Early Movement for Homosexual Emancipation (Harrington Park Press, 2006) p462-463
87. "Two Nations Get Freedom— Rwanda and Burundi", Milwaukee Journal, June 28, 1962, p17
88. "School Prayer Bill Offered In House— Would Amend Constitution", Miami News, June 26, 1962, p1
89. Edward Keynes and Randall K. Miller, The Court Vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion (Duke University Press, 1989) p193
90. Clyde V. Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth And Power to the East (Basic Books, 2006) pp82-83
91. "4 Lutheran Churches Merge at Ceremony", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 29, 1962, p1
92. "$3.5 Million Libel Suit Won"", Miami News, June 29, 1962, p5A
93. Megan Mullen, The Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Revolution Or Evolution? (University of Texas Press, 2003) pp53–54; "Pay Television Gets Major Test Tonight", Ocala (FL) Star-Banner, June 29, 1962, p3
94. Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Muslims in Britain: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 2010) p47
95. David E. Sumner, The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900 (Peter Lang, 2010) p87