Siskiyou Mountains

Siskiyou Mountains

Forest in the Siskiyou Mountains in California
Highest point
Peak Mount Ashland[1]
Elevation 7,536 ft (2,297 m) [2]
Coordinates 42°04′51″N 122°43′02″W / 42.08083°N 122.71722°W / 42.08083; -122.71722 [3]
Geography

Location of Siskiyou Mountains in California[4]

Country United States
States Oregon and California
Counties[4] Del Norte County, California
Siskiyou County, California
Jackson County, Oregon
Josephine County, Oregon
Range coordinates 41°49′59″N 123°40′04″W / 41.8331°N 123.6678°W / 41.8331; -123.6678Coordinates: 41°49′59″N 123°40′04″W / 41.8331°N 123.6678°W / 41.8331; -123.6678 [4]

The Siskiyou Mountains are a coastal mountain range in the northern Klamath Mountains in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon in the United States. They extend in an arc for approximately 100 miles (160 km) from east of Crescent City, California, northeast along the north side of the Klamath River into Josephine and Jackson counties in Oregon. The mountain range forms a barrier between the watersheds of the Klamath River to the south and the Rogue River to the north.

These mountains are not the highest of the Klamath Mountains, but due to the relief so close to the Pacific Ocean, the peaks receive more precipitation than the surrounding land. This leads to forests that grow with heavy vegetation.[5] Diversity abounds because western canyons can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm) of rain in some winters while eastern areas are slightly more arid. Since the Siskiyous trend both north to south and then east to west, they hold species that range from coastal, like Coast Redwood, to Cascadian, like Alaska Yellow-Cedar and Pacific Silver Fir.

Much of the range is within the Rogue River – Siskiyou and Klamath national forests. The Pacific Crest Trail follows a portion of the ridge of the range. The Klamath-Siskiyou forests are noted for their high biodiversity.

Name origins

The origin of the word siskiyou is not known. One version is that it is the Chinook Jargon word for "bob-tailed horse". According to historian Richard Mackie, "siskiyou" was a Cree word for a bob-tailed horse,[6] one of which perished in 1829 during Alexander McLeod's journey over a pass later named for the "siskiyou" (today's Siskiyou Pass). The Cree were in the area as part of McLeod's Hudson's Bay Company expedition, and had been recruited far away in their homeland in eastern Canada.[7] Another version, given in an argument before the State Senate in 1852, is that the French name Six Cailloux, meaning "six-stones", was given to a ford on the Umpqua River by Michel Laframboise and a party of Hudson's Bay Company trappers in 1832, because six large stones or rocks lay in the river where they crossed.[8][9] According to some, the Six Cailloux name was appropriated to this region by Stephen Meek, another Hudson's Bay Company trapper who was known for his "discovery" of Scott Valley, in regard to a crossing on the Klamath River near Hornbrook.[10][11] Still others attribute the name to a local tribe of Native Americans.[12]

History

Natives speaking the Athapaskan Language lived along the Rogue River prior to 1850. These settlements were primarily winter residences, and the people likely spent much of the summer in the mountains.[13]

Early exploration

Most early exploration of the area came from the coast, beginning in 1775, when the Spanish lieutenant Bruno de Heceta came to the Northwest.[14] He would be followed in 1791 and 1792 by other explorers like captain George Vancouver, James Baker, and Robert Gray. The early western overland expeditions all avoided the area around the Oregon-California border, so that the first land based expeditions came when the North West Company came to the area in 1820, followed by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821.

The Siskiyou Trail
Main article: Siskiyou Trail

The Siskiyou Trail stretched from California's Central Valley through the Siskiyous to Oregon's Willamette Valley. Originally based on existing Native American foot trails winding their way through river valleys, the Siskiyou Trail provided the shortest practical travel path between early settlements in California and Oregon in the 1820s.

New settlement and early industry

As settlement increased with a variety of new incentives, tensions over relations with the natives increased. In the 1850s, following the Donation Land Claim Act,[15] settlers came to the area to prospect for gold. The new settlements grew enough for Jackson County to be founded, with its seat in Jacksonville, deteriorating the relationship with the natives in the area.[16][17] Mines opened up as various claims were made. This led to the 1855 Rogue River Wars, which ended in 1856.[18]

The new population needed to be supported by an improved infrastructure. By 1859, the trail had been replaced by a toll road. A telegraph line was built over the summit in 1864.[17] By the end of the 1870s, the first private lumber mills were established in the mountains had been established in some of the lower creeks.[19] Commercial orchards began to be planted in 1885.[20] The Southern Pacific Railroad was completed over Siskiyou Summit in 1887.[17] The new railroads were focused around Medford.[16]

Industry develops

The Klamath Lake Railroad Company built a railroad into Pokegama from 1900 to 1903. It became a vital part of the lumber industry and was acquired by Weyerhaeuser in 1905.[19] Irrigation projects that began at the end of the 19th century led to a boom in the fruit orchard industry.[18] Apple blights around 1900 diminished the crop and pears began to be a major crop.[21] By 1910, pears had begun to replace apples as the major fruit grown in the region.[22] In 1927, the Jackson County seat moved to Medford, which had become much larger than Jacksonville.[16]

Geography

The Red Buttes in the Siskiyou Mountains

The highest peaks in the range include Mount Ashland at an elevation of 7,533 feet (2,296 m),[23] Dutchman Peak at 7,410 feet (2,260 m), Siskiyou Peak at 7,147 feet (2,178 m), and Wagner Butte at 7,140 feet (2,180 m), all of which are in Oregon.[24] The highest peak in the California portion of the range is Preston Peak at 7,309 feet (2,228 m). The main drainage basins in the mountains are those of the Rogue and Klamath Rivers.[25]

Siskiyou Summit

Main article: Siskiyou Summit

Interstate 5 passes through the Siskiyou Mountains at Siskiyou Summit, located just north of the Oregon-California border, and just south of Ashland, Oregon. Siskiyou Summit is the highest pass on Interstate 5, at 4,310 feet (1,310 m). This pass is one of the most treacherous in the Interstate highway system. The California side has a more gradual slope than the Oregon side, where the freeway climbs or descends 2,300 feet (700 m) in elevation over 7-mile (11 km). In addition, the pass includes several hazardous curves, and is frequently hit with snow, ice, and fog during winter storms. In winter, it is common for the highway to be closed one to four times by transportation authorities due to hazardous conditions. The speed limit is 55 miles per hour (89 km/h), but lower limits are set for larger vehicles.

Climate

The climate of the mountains is distinctive in how it varies from the coast to the inland slopes. Generally, the mountains have milder temperatures and more precipitation near the coast.[23] The mountains produce a great difference in interior and coastal climates. The interior tends to be drier and warmer in the summer months, and the eastern slopes resemble an interior climate.[26]

The coast tends to receive about 60 inches (1,500 mm) of precipitation each year, rising to 100 inches (2,500 mm) at the peaks. The arid eastern areas receive around 30 inches (760 mm) annually.[23] Precipitation is greatest in the winter and least in the summer.[26] Fogs provide an additional source of water at low elevations, especially during the summer. Most precipitation in the lower elevations comes as rain; at higher elevations, snow becomes a major source of water.[23]

Temperature trends tend to lie parallel to the coast because of the ocean's major influence.[26] The mean annual temperature is around 11 to 11.5 °C (51.8 to 52.7 °F) in the low elevations. Higher in the mountains and further east, the temperatures range from minimums just above freezing to highs around 21 to 23 °C (70 to 73 °F).

Ecology

There is considerable biodiversity within the Siskiyou Mountains, including extensive forests. Forests vary by elevation and relative locations, being primarily divided into mixed evergreen forests, montane forests, and subalpine forests.[26]

Flora

The weeping spruce (Picea breweriana) is found only in the Klamath Mountains.

The occurrences of tree species are divided by these forest types. Exceptions to this exist. Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii) occurs in both mixed evergreen and montane forests. Lawson's cypress (also known as Port Orford cedar, Chamaecypraris lawsoniana) occurs throughout the range west of the summit.[27] California white fir (Abies concolor subsp. lowina) occurs in montane and subalpine forests above 4,000 feet (1,200 m). In the montane forest, occurring in the snowzone, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) also occurs. The subalpine forests above 5,000 feet (1,500 m) include mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and Shasta red fir (A. magnifica subsp. shastensis) in addition to Douglas-fir.[25] Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is only dominant in montane forests on steep south-facing slopes, but also grows with California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) and in mixed evergreen forests.[28] Rare Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) grow at low elevations or at higher elevations near sources of water. Other conifers include weeping spruce (Picea breweriana), an endemic species,[29] and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens).

Various deciduous broadleaf trees grow in addition to the conifers. The largest extant California black oak is found in the Siskiyou Mountains.[30] The blue oak, Quercus douglasii, is beyond its contiguous range; however, there are disjunctive populations of blue oak within the Siskiyou Mountains.[31]

Invasive species have become a concern in some areas. Some of these include yellow starthistle and scotch broom.[32] Starthistle has become a problem in the Siskiyous only in the last 20 years.[33] It has little value to habitat and is able to outcompete many native plants.[34] Purple loosestrife is a plant that is invasive to waterways.[35]

Fauna

The diversity of fauna in the region is exhibited by the number of amphibian, reptile, and avian species in the region. Many of the amphibian and reptiles are endemic species.[36][37] The eponymous endangered Siskiyou Mountains salamander is found within this mountain range;[38] in addition there is also the Scott Bar salamander.[39] The variety of habitats in the mountains contributes to the number of bird species in the area, because the birds have more variety of habitat available to them.[37] However, many birds disperse from the area following the breeding season.[40] These birds include the endangered spotted owl, which lives in forests up to 5,800 feet (1,800 m).[41] Endangered salmon live in the Rogue and Klamath watersheds.[29]

Mammals in the area include small rodents, deer and elk, and bear and coyote.[40] Medium-sized mammals also live in the region, including red fox, gray fox, and weasel.[42] Another rare animal is the fisher, a predatory medium-sized mammal that lives in old-growth forest.

Protected areas

The Siskiyou range has federal protection in several forms. Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve protects 4,558 acres (18 km2) in the northern part of the range south of Grants Pass, Oregon.[43] The Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument protects 52,940 acres (214 km2) at the junction of the Siskiyou and Cascade ranges. There are three designated wilderness areas in the range in Oregon and California—the Red Buttes Wilderness, which protects 19,940 acres (80.7 km2), the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, which protects 179,755 acres (727.4 km2), and the Siskiyou Wilderness, which protects 153,432 acres (620.9 km2).

Panoramic view in the Siskiyou Wilderness, with Preston Peak in the distance and Bear Mountain at right

References

  1. ↑ "Siskiyou Mountains". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  2. ↑ "Ashland Pk Reset". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  3. ↑ "Mount Ashland". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 28 November 1980. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 "Siskiyou Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 19 January 1981. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  5. ↑ Kauffmann, Michael. "Climate". Conifer Country. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  6. ↑ "Mount Shasta Annotated Bibliography". Mount Shasta Companion. College of the Siskiyous. 2001. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  7. ↑ Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-7748-0613-3. OCLC 35978074.
  8. ↑ "How Did Our 58 Counties Get Their Names?". California State Association of Counties. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  9. ↑ Hittell, Theodore Henry (1898). History of California. III. San Francisco, California: N. J. Stone & Company. p. 937. OCLC 8491083.
  10. ↑ Irvine, Leigh Hadley, ed. (1905). A History of the New California. I. Lewis. p. 579. OCLC 35952214.
  11. ↑ Tickner, Bernita L.; Fiorni-Jenner, Gail (2005). The State of Jefferson. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 0738530964. OCLC 68810100.
  12. ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 448. ISBN 080613576X. OCLC 53019644.
  13. ↑ Allen, Cain (2003). "Indian Villages in Southwestern Oregon". The Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  14. ↑ LaLande, Jeff (October 1989). "The Indians of Southwest Oregon: an Ethnohistorical Review" (PDF). Southern Oregon State College. p. 3. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  15. ↑ Smith, Cessna R. (2011). "The Pursuit of Commerce: Agricultural Development in Western Oregon, 1825-1861" (PDF). Portland State University. pp. 112, 116–117. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 Davidson, Hugh; Schlimgen, Veta; Hale, Sarah; Parlet, Tanya (2005). "Guide to the Jackson County, Oregon Records: 1853–1920". Orbis Cascade Alliance. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 Tveskov, Mark; Derr, Kelly; Norris, Nicole; Silva, Richard (26 November 2001). "Archaeological Investigations of the Siskiyou Trail" (PDF). Southern Oregon University. pp. 1, 7. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  18. 1 2 LaLande, Jeff (June 1980). "Prehistory and history of the Rogue River National Forest: a cultural resource overview" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. pp. 22–24. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  19. 1 2 Lamm, W. E. (1957). "Lumbering in Klamath" (PDF). pp. 1–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  20. ↑ "Jackson County Rural Living Handbook" (PDF). Jackson Soil and Water Conservation District. January 2010. p. 7. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  21. ↑ LaLande, Jeff (June 1993). "'It can't Happen here' in Oregon: the Jackson County Rebellion, 1932-1933, and its 1890s-1920s Background" (PDF). Southern Oregon State College. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  22. ↑ "Tree Fruits: Rogue Valley Pears". Oregon State University. pp. 53–56. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest: About the Forest". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  24. ↑ LaLande, Jeff (September 1995). "An Environmental History of the Little Applegate River Watershed" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. p. 1. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  25. 1 2 Anderson, William; Borman, Michael; Krueger, William (1997). "Siskiyou Ecological Province". Oregon State University. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Whittaker, R.H. (July 1960). "Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California" (PDF). Ecological Monographs. Ecological Society of America. 30 (3): 279–338. doi:10.2307/1943563. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  27. ↑ Ohmann, Janet L. (1984). "Port-Orford-Cedar: an American Wood" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. p. 2. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  28. ↑ Waring, R. H. (30 September 1968). "Forest Plants of the Eastern Siskiyous" (PDF). Oregon State University. p. 8. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  29. 1 2 "Siskiyou Crest: Climate Refuge". Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center. 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  30. ↑ Stuart, John D.; Sawyer, John O. (2001). Trees and Shrubs of California. California Natural History Guides. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 326–328. ISBN 9780520221093. OCLC 44267780.
  31. ↑ Hogan, C. Michael (24 September 2008). "Blue Oak: Quercus douglasii". GlobalTwitcher. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  32. ↑ "Noxious Weed Control". U.S. Forest Service. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  33. ↑ "Starthistle". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  34. ↑ Orloff, Steve; Drake, Dan (August 2007). "Management of Yellow Starthistle in Siskiyou County" (PDF). University of California. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  35. ↑ "Purple Loosestrife". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  36. ↑ Bury, R. B.; Pearl, Christopher (1999). "Klamath-Siskiyou Herpetofauna: Biogeographic Patterns and Conservation Strategies". Natural Areas Journal. 19 (4): 341–350. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  37. 1 2 Alexander, John Doty (1999). "Bird-Habitat Relationships in the Klamath/Siskiyou Mountains" (PDF). Southern Oregon University. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  38. ↑ Yorke, Nicole J. "Plethodon Stormi: The Siskiyou Mountain Salamander" (PDF). University of Oregon. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  39. ↑ "The Klamath-Siskiyou Region". Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  40. 1 2 Werschkul, David F.; Swisher, Otis D. (15 January 1983). "Birds and Small Mammals of Southwestern Oregon: the Tanoak Forest" (PDF). Southern Oregon University. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  41. ↑ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Critical Habitat for the Northern Spotted Owl". Federal Register. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  42. ↑ "Siskiyou Crest National Monument: America's First Climate Refuge" (PDF). Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center. January 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  43. ↑ Urness, Zach (December 4, 2014). "Six Things to Know About Oregon Caves Expansion". Statesman Journal. Salem, Oregon. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
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