Sofer

For other uses, see Sofer (disambiguation).
For the talmudic tractate, see Soferim (Talmud).
A sofer finishing the final letters of a sefer Torah

A Sofer, Sopher, Sofer SeTaM, or Sofer ST"M (Heb: "scribe", סופר סת״ם‎) is a Jewish scribe who can transcribe sifrei Torah, tefillin and mezuzot, and other religious writings. (ST"M, סת״ם‎, is an abbreviation of these three terms. The plural of sofer is "soferim" סופרים‎.)

By simple definition, a sofer is a copyist, but the religious role in Judaism is much more. Besides sifrei Torah, tefillin, and mezuzot, scribes are also necessary to write the Five Megillot (scrolls of the Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Ecclesiastes, and Book of Lamentations), Nevi'im (the books of the prophets, used for reading the haftarah), and for gittin, divorce documents. Also, many scribes function as calligraphers—writing functional documents such as ketubot "marriage contracts", or ornamental and artistic renditions of religious texts, which do not require any scribal qualifications and to which the rules on lettering and parchment specifications do not apply.

The major halakha pertaining to sofrut, the practice of scribal arts, is in the Talmud in the tractate "Maseket Sofrim". In the Torah's 613 commandments, the second to last[1] is that every Jew should write a Sefer Torah in their lifetime. (Deuteronomy 31:19) If the Scribe made a mistake, he had to start the sheet all over again.

Qualifications and education

A Sofer completing the Book of Esther, Ein Bokek, Israel

A sofer should be religiously observant, of good character, and knowledgeable about the laws concerning sofrut. It is a common misconception that one has to be a rabbi in order to become a sofer, which is not required by Jewish law.

People who want to become ritual scribes usually learn from another expert scribe by undergoing Shimush (Apprenticeship), since it would be impossible for someone to be a scribe without any actual practice. The hardest part about learning to be a sofer is not the calligraphy, but rather remembering the thousands of laws that apply to sifrei Torah, tefillin, mezuzot, and all the other texts that are written on parchment.

Some people who want to become ritual scribes learn at the Vaad Mishmereth STaM with the option of receiving a certificate. (This is an international organization whose goal is to protect the halachic and artistic integrity of the scribal arts. It is located in Jerusalem and Bnei Brak in Israel as well as in Brooklyn, New York, United States.) Certification of this sort is not a halachic requirement, nor does it necessarily guarantee the quality of a particular sofer's work. This process does however ensure that a certified sofer has received the proper education and is a recognized expert in the field of sofrut.

Texts teaching sofrut

The Torah Scribe by Maurycy Gottlieb, National Museum, Wrocław

The main texts from which Sofrim learn the scribal art include the Keset Ha-Sofer, Chasdey David, Mishnah B'rurah Volume I (B)—The laws of tefillin, Mishneh Torah: Hilchot Tefillin u'Mezuzah v'Sefer Torah. Hilchot Tzitzit, Mishnat Hasofer, Mishnat Sofrim, Likkut Sifrey, Shulchan Aruch HaRav. Stam.[2]

Women and sofrut

Forming the basis for the discussion of women becoming soferim, Talmud Gittin 45b states, "Sifrei Torah, tefillin and mezuzot written by a heretic, a star-worshipper, a slave, a woman, a minor, a Cuthean, or an apostate Jew, are unfit for ritual use."[3] The rulings on mezuzot and tefillin are virtually undisputed among those who hold to the Talmud. While Arba'ah Turim does not include women in its list of those ineligible to write Sifrei Torah, some see this as proof that women are permitted to write a sefer Torah.[4] However today, virtually all Orthodox (both Modern and Ultra) authorities contest the idea that a woman is permitted to write a sefer Torah. Yet women are permitted to inscribe Ketubot (marriage contracts), STaM not intended for ritual use, and other writings of sofrut beyond simple STaM. In 2003, Canadian Aviel Barclay became the world's first known traditionally trained female sofer.[5][6] In 2007 Jen Taylor Friedman, a British woman, became the first female sofer to scribe a sefer Torah.[7] In 2010 the first sefer Torah scribed by a group of women (six female sofrim, who were from Brazil, Canada, Israel, and the United States) was completed;[8] this was known as the Women's Torah Project.[9]

From October 2010 until spring 2011, Julie Seltzer, one of the female sofrim from the Women's Torah Project, scribed a sefer Torah as part of an exhibition at the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco. This makes her the first American female sofer to scribe a sefer Torah; Julie Seltzer was born in Philadelphia and is non-denominationally Jewish.[9][10][11][12] From spring 2011 until August 2012 she scribed another sefer Torah, this time for the Reform congregation Beth Israel in San Diego.[13][14] Seltzer was taught mostly by Jen Taylor Friedman.[13] On September 22, 2013, Congregation Beth Elohim of New York dedicated a new Torah, which members of Beth Elohim said was the first Torah in New York City to be scribed by a woman.[15] The Torah was scribed by Linda Coppleson.[16] As of 2014, there are an estimated 50 female sofers in the world.[17]

Documents written by scribes

Besides Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot, scribes are also necessary for the writing of the Five Megillot (scrolls of the Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Ecclesiastes, and Book of Lamentations) and Nevi'im (the books of the prophets, used for reading the haftarah), and for gittin (divorce documents). In some communities, especially Chaim Kanievsky's community in Bnei Brak, soferim also write the other books of the Bible, such as Psalms or the Book of Ezra. This was promoted in 19th-century Jerusalem by Rabbi Shemuel Shelomo Boyarski.

Calligraphy and lettering

Main articles: Klaf and Ashuri alphabet
The first four letters of the Hebrew alphabet as they would be written scribally (a digital approximation)
The four-pronged Shin on tefillin

There are many rules concerning the proper formation of letters that must be adhered to if a written text is to be deemed religiously valid.[18] The Ashkenazi, Sefardi, Chabad (Lubavitch), and Mizrahi Jews each have their own script for forming the letters, though the same rules apply throughout the text. Generally, regarding sifrei Torah, none of these groups would consider that these differences would render a Torah posul (ritually unfit or invalid).

The documents must be written on properly prepared parchment or vellum known as klaf.

Many scribes also function as calligraphers—writing functional documents like ketubot, or ornamental and artistic renditions of religious texts—which do not require any scribal qualifications, and to which the rules on lettering and parchment specifications do not apply.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 82nd of the 613 commandments as enumerated by Rashi, and the second to final as it occurs in the text of the Torah, Book of Deuteronomy 31:19, the final being in Deuteronomy 32:38
  2. ↑ "sources". Sofer.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  3. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20091019133505/http://www.geniza.net/ritual/women.shtml. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Tur, Orah Hayyim 271
  5. ↑ Alice Lowenstein (2005-06-03). "A Female Scribe's Trailblazing Effort". Forward.com. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  6. ↑ "Simchat Torah with a Soferet's Torah | Jewish Women's Archive". Jwablog.jwa.org. 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  7. ↑ Leah Hochbaum Rosner (2007-09-12). "As New Year Dawns, Jewish Women Mark Milestones". Forward.com. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  8. ↑ Fishkoff, Sue (2010-10-15). "Women's Torah dedicated in Seattle". Jta.org. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  9. 1 2 "Julie Seltzer, a female Torah scribe from San Francisco, contributed to the first Torah scroll to be written by a group of women". Jweekly.com. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  10. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110408164017/http://www.thecjm.org/index.php?option=com_ccevents&scope=prgm&task=detail&fid=8&oid=563. Archived from the original on April 8, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ "A Torah Scribe Pushes the Parchment Ceiling". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  12. ↑ "CJM to celebrate end of groundbreaking Torah project". Jweekly.com. 2011-03-31. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  13. 1 2 Spiro, Amy. "Torah, she wrote - Jewish World". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  14. ↑ "Archived copy". Retrieved October 30, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Congregation Beth Elohim in Park Slope dedicates new Torah for 150th anniversary". Brooklyn.news12.com. 2013-09-22. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  16. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141011005036/http://torah.cbebk.org/about/our-soferet/. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ↑ Jeff Kunerth (2014-08-23). "– Female Jewish scribe helps keep tradition alive". Pressherald.com. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
  18. ↑ Some details on letters, with animations

External links

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