Spirula

Spirula spirula
Temporal range: Miocene–Recent[1]
Dorsal view of female
Ventral view of female
(chromatophores of mantle missing)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: Coleoidea
Superorder: Decapodiformes
Order: Spirulida
Suborder: Spirulina
Family: Spirulidae
Owen, 1836
Genus: Spirula
Lamarck, 1799
Species: S. spirula
Binomial name
Spirula spirula
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Spirula spirula is a species of deep-water squid-like cephalopod mollusk. It is the only extant member of the genus Spirula, the family Spirulidae, and the order Spirulida. Because of the shape of its internal shell, it is commonly known as the ram's horn squid[3] or the little post horn squid. Because the live animal has a light-emitting organ, it is also sometimes known as the tail-light squid.

Live specimens of this cephalopod are very rarely seen, because it is a deep-ocean dweller. The small internal shell of the species is however quite a familiar object to many beachcombers. The shell of Spirula is extremely light in weight, very buoyant, and surprisingly durable; it very commonly floats ashore onto tropical beaches (and sometimes even temperate beaches) all over the world. This seashell is known to shell collectors as the ram's horn shell or simply as Spirula.

Description

S. spirula has a squid-like body between 35 mm and 45 mm long. It is a decapod, with eight arms and two longer tentacles, all with suckers. The arms and tentacles can all be withdrawn completely into the mantle.

The species lacks a radula[4]:110[5]:26 (or, at most, has a vestigial radula).[6]

Female with dissected mantle cavity (left) and immature specimens at various stages of development (centre and right)

Shell

The most distinctive feature of this species is its buoyancy organ, an internal, chambered, endogastrically coiled[6] shell in the shape of an open planispiral (a flat spiral wherein the coils do not touch each other), and consisting of two prismatic layers.[6] The shell functions to osmotically control buoyancy;[6] the gas-filled chambers keep the spirula in a vertical, head-down attitude.[6]

Lateral (left) and ventral (centre) views of a Spirula shell. In the latter, the siphuncle and the last septum of the phragmocone are visible. The position of the shell inside the mantle is shown in the illustration on the right.

Behaviour

End of mantle showing the photophore

S. spirula is capable of emitting a green light from a photophore located at the tip of its mantle, between the ear-shaped fins.[6]

Habitat and distribution

By day, Spirula lives in the deep oceans, reaching depths of 1,000 m. At night, it rises to 100 to 300 m.[7] Its preferred temperature is around 10°C, and it tends to live around oceanic islands, near the continental shelf.[6]

Most sources cite this species as tropical, and they are observed to be plentiful in the subtropical seas around the Canary Islands. Shells are regularly found along the western coasts of South Africa. However, significant quantities of shells from dead spirula are washed ashore even in temperate regions, such as coasts of New Zealand. Because of the great buoyancy of the shells, these may possibly have been carried long distances by ocean currents.

Much of the organism's life history has not been observed; for instance, they are thought to spawn in winter in deeper water, yet no spawnlings have been directly seen. They must occasionally venture into the upper 10 m of the sea, for they are sometimes found in albatross guts.[8]

Evolutionary relationships

Illustration of live animal
Oral view of the left tentacular club

The order Spirulida also contains two extinct suborders: Groenlandibelina (including extinct families Groenlandibelidae and Adygeyidae), and Belopterina (including extinct families Belemnoseidae and Belopteridae).

Spirula is likely the closest living relative of the extinct belemnites and aulacocerids. These three groups as a unit are closely related to the cuttlefish, as well as to the true squids.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hayward, B.W. (1977). "Spirula (Sepioidea: Cephalopoda) from the Lower Miocene of Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand (note)" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. doi:10.1080/00288306.1976.10423557.
  2. ↑ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2012). Spirula spirula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2.
  3. ↑ Norman, M. 2000. Cephalopods: A World Guide. Hackenheim, ConchBooks.
  4. ↑ Nixon, M (1985), "The buccal mass of fossil and recent Cephalopoda", in Wilbur, Karl M., The Mollusca, New York: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-728702-7
  5. ↑ Landman, Neil H; Tanabe, Kazushige; Davis, Richard Arnold (1996). Ammonoid paleobiology by Neil H. Landman, Kazushige Tanabe, Richard Arnold Davis. ISBN 978-0-306-45222-2.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Warnke, K.; Keupp, H. (2005). "Spirula—a window to the embryonic development of ammonoids? Morphological and molecular indications for a palaeontological hypothesis". Facies. 51: 60. doi:10.1007/s10347-005-0054-9.
  7. ↑ Clarke, M. R. (2009). "Cephalopoda collected on the SOND Cruise". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 49: 961. doi:10.1017/S0025315400038042.
  8. ↑ Price, G. D.; Twitchett, R. J.; Smale, C.; Marks, V. (2009). "Isotopic Analysis of the Life History of the Enigmatic Squid Spirula Spirula, with Implications for Studies of Fossil Cephalopods". PALAIOS. 24 (5): 273–279. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-067r.
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