Area density

The area density (also known as areal density, surface density, superficial density, or density thickness) of a two-dimensional object is calculated as the mass per unit area. The SI derived unit is: kilogram per square metre (kg·m⁻²).

Formulation

It can be calculated as:

$\rho _{A}={\frac {m}{A}}$

or

$\rho _{A}=\rho \cdot l$

where,

ρA	= average area density
m	= total mass of the object
A	= total area of the object
ρ	= average density
l	= average thickness of the object

Column density

A special type of area density is called column (mass) density (also columnar mass density), denoted ρ_A or σ. It is the mass of substance per unit area integrated along a path;^[1] It is obtained integrating volumetric density $\rho$ over a column:^[2]

$\sigma =\int \rho \;\operatorname {d}s.$

In general the integration path can be slant or oblique incidence (as in, for example, line of sight propagation in atmospheric physics). A common special case is a vertical path, from the bottom to the top of the medium:

$\sigma =\int \rho \;\operatorname {d}z$

where $z$ denotes the vertical coordinate (e.g., height or depth).

Columnar density $\rho _{A}$ is closely related to the vertically averaged volumetric density ${\bar {\rho }}$ as

${\bar {\rho }}={\frac {\rho _{A}}{\Delta z}},$

where $\Delta z=\int 1\;\operatorname {d}z$; notice that ${\bar {\rho }}$, $\rho _{A}$, and $\Delta z$ have units of, for example, grams per cubic metre, grams per square metre, and metres, respectively.

Column number density

Column number density refers instead to a number density type of quantity: the number or count of a substance—rather than the mass—per unit area integrated along a path:

$N=\int n\;\operatorname {d}s.$

Usage

Atmospheric physics

It is a quantity commonly retrieved by remote sensing instruments, for instance the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) which retrieves ozone columns around the globe. Columns are also returned by the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) method^[3] and are a common retrieval product from nadir-looking microwave radiometers.^[4][5]

A closely related concept is that of ice or liquid water path, which specifies the volume per unit area or depth instead of mass per unit area, thus the two are related:

$P={\frac {\sigma }{\rho _{0}}}$,

Another closely related concept is optical depth.

Astronomy

The concept of area density can be useful when analysing accretion disks. In the case of a disk seen face-on, area density for a given area of the disk is defined as column density: that is, either as the mass of substance per unit area integrated along the vertical path that goes through the disk (line-of-sight), from the bottom to the top of the medium:

$\sigma =\int \rho \;\operatorname {d}z$

where $z$ denotes the vertical coordinate (e.g., height or depth), or as the number or count of a substance—rather than the mass—per unit area integrated along a path (column number density):

$N = \int n \; \operatorname{d}z.$

Data storage media

Areal density is used to quantify and compare different types media used in data storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical disc drives and tape drives. The current unit of measure is typically gigabits per square inch.^[6]

Other

The area density is often used to describe the thickness of paper; e.g., 80 g/m² is very common. It is also an important quantity for the absorption of radiation. When studying bodies falling through air, area density is important because resistance depends on area, and gravitational force is dependent on mass.

Bone density may be measured in grams per square centimetre (g·cm⁻²).

The body mass index is in terms of area density.

The total electron content in the ionosphere is a quantity of type columnar number density.

Snow water equivalent is a quantity of type columnar mass density.

See also

• Density
  • Linear density
  • Paper density

References

1. Egbert Boeker; Rienk van Grondelle (2000). Environmental Physics (2nd ed.). Wiley.
2. Visconti, Guido (2001). Fundamentals of physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. Berlin: Springer. p. 470. ISBN 978-3-540-67420-7.
3. R. Sinreich; U. Frieß; T. Wagner; S. Yilmaz; U. Platt (2008). "Retrieval of Aerosol Distributions by Multi-Axis Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS)". Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. pp. 1145–1149. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_227.
4. C. Melsheimer; G. Heygster (2008). "Improved retrieval of total water vapor over polar regions from AMSU-B microwave radiometer data". IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 46 (8). pp. 2307–2322. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2008.918013.
5. C. Melsheimer; G. Heygster; N. Mathew; L. Toudal Pedersen (2009). "Retrieval of Sea Ice Emissivity and Integrated Retrieval of Surface and Atmospheric Parameters over the Arctic from AMSR-E data". J. of the Remote Sens. Soc. of Japan. 29 (1). pp. 236–241.
6. "Areal Density". Webopedia. Retrieved April 9, 2014.