Swimming at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Swimming at the IX Paralympic Games | |
![]() Paralympic Swimming |
Swimming at the 1992 Summer Paralympics consisted of 163 events, 88 for men and 75 for women. Because of ties for third place in the women's 50 metre freestyle B3 and men's 50 metre freestyle B2 events, a total of 165 bronze medals were awarded.
Starting in 1992, there was a move away from Les Autres specific classifications to functional based classification systems at the Paralympic Games.[1][2] This was realized in swimming, where Les Autres sportspeople competed directly against people with other disabilities including cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries and amputations.[2] As a result, the 1992 Games saw the total number of classes for people with physical disabilities drop from 31 to 10.[3] Still, Sswimming, athletics and table tennis used a classification system for the Barcelona Games that was still mostly medical based.[4][5][6][7]
Medal summary
Men's events
Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
50 m backstroke S2 |
Peter Hull![]() |
James Anderson![]() |
Alan McGregor![]() |
50 m backstroke S3 |
Tommy Hunter![]() |
Jean-Louis Flamengo![]() |
Genezi Alves![]() |
50 m backstroke S4 |
Pierre Bellot![]() |
Thierry Grand![]() |
Albert Bakaev![]() |
50 m backstroke S5 |
Zsolt Vereczkei![]() |
Krzysztof Sleczka![]() |
Pascal Pinard![]() |
50 m breaststroke SB2 |
Nenad Krisanovic![]() |
Lars Luerig![]() |
James Thompson![]() |
50 m butterfly S3–4 |
Pierre Bellot![]() |
Nenad Krisanovic![]() |
Eduardo Wanderley![]() |
50 m butterfly S5 |
Pascal Pinard![]() |
Thierry le Gloanic![]() |
Javier Torres![]() |
50 m butterfly S6 |
David Foppolo![]() |
Peter Lund![]() |
Jesus Iglesias![]() |
50 m butterfly S7 |
Omar Abd Ellatif![]() |
Johannes Stokkel![]() |
Daniel Kunzi![]() |
50 m freestyle B1 |
John Morgan![]() |
Junichi Kawai![]() |
Izhar Cohen![]() |
50 m freestyle B2 |
Christopher Holmes![]() |
Pablo Corral![]() |
Kingsley Bugarin![]() |
Fredrik Nasman![]() | |||
50 m freestyle B3 |
Vladimir Chesnov![]() |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
Flemming Berthelsen![]() |
50 m freestyle S2 |
Peter Hull![]() |
James Anderson![]() |
Alan McGregor![]() |
50 m freestyle S3 |
Jean-Louis Flamengo![]() |
Jordi Pascual![]() |
Tommy Hunter![]() |
50 m freestyle S4 |
Pierre Bellot![]() |
Gene Viens![]() |
Pau Marc Munoz![]() |
50 m freestyle S5 |
William McQueen![]() |
Krzysztof Sleczka![]() |
Pascal Pinard![]() |
50 m freestyle S6 |
Peter Lund![]() |
Jesus Iglesias![]() |
Kevin Sullivan![]() |
50 m freestyle S7 |
Janos Becsey![]() |
Daniel Kunzi![]() |
Omar Abd Ellatif![]() |
50 m freestyle S8 |
Johan Siqveland![]() |
Erling Trondsen![]() |
Holger Kimmig![]() |
50 m freestyle S9 |
Donnie Keller![]() |
Hanoch Budin![]() |
Brendan Burkett![]() |
50 m freestyle S10 |
Gianluca Saini![]() |
Ernesto Garrido![]() |
Jochen Hahnengress![]() |
100 m backstroke B1 |
John Morgan![]() |
Daniel Kelly![]() |
Junichi Kawai![]() |
100 m backstroke B2 |
Christopher Holmes![]() |
Ziv Better![]() |
Wieslaw Krol![]() |
100 m backstroke B3 |
Michael Edgson![]() |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
Kieran Modra![]() |
100 m backstroke S6 |
David Foppolo![]() |
Peter Lund![]() |
Matthias Schlubeck![]() |
100 m backstroke S7 |
Johannes Stokkel![]() |
Eric Lindmann![]() |
Frederic Delpy![]() |
100 m backstroke S8 |
Geert Jaehrig![]() |
Holger Kimmig![]() |
Kasper Hansen![]() |
100 m backstroke S9 |
Helge Bjoernstad![]() |
Detlef Schmidt![]() |
Fredy Widmer![]() |
100 m backstroke S10 |
Alwin de Groot![]() |
Marc Woods![]() |
Eran Shemesh![]() |
100 m breaststroke B1 |
Christian Bundgaard![]() |
John Morgan![]() |
Jordi Mari![]() |
100 m breaststroke B2 |
Vitalii Krylov![]() |
Kingsley Bugarin![]() |
Jose Pedrajas![]() |
100 m breaststroke B3 |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
Ivan Nielsen![]() |
Flemming Berthelsen![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB3 |
Bernd Eickemeyer![]() |
John Petersson![]() |
Javier Torres![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB4 |
Pascal Pinard![]() |
Gregory Burns![]() |
Arkadiusz Pawlowski![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB5 |
Tadhg Slattery![]() |
Cornelis Engel![]() |
Eric Lindmann![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB6 |
Matthias Schlubeck![]() |
Simon Ahlstad![]() |
Juan Castane![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB7 |
Johannes Stokkel![]() |
Laurentius van Geel![]() |
Janos Becsey![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB8 |
Iain Mathew![]() |
Holger Woelk![]() |
Jan-Marcin Miroslaw![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB9 |
Geir Sverrisson![]() |
Paul Noble![]() |
Rutger Sturkenboom![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB10 |
Jochen Hahnengress![]() |
Stefan Loeffler![]() |
Nikolay Rogozhin![]() |
100 m butterfly B1–2 |
John Morgan![]() |
Tim Reddish![]() |
Pablo Corral![]() |
100 m butterfly B3 |
Michael Edgson![]() |
Ian Sharpe![]() |
Vladimir Chesnov![]() |
100 m butterfly S8 |
Erling Trondsen![]() |
Zebing Liu![]() |
Moises Galindo![]() |
100 m butterfly S9 |
Olafur Eiriksson![]() |
Aleksei Kapoura![]() |
Fredy Widmer![]() |
100 m butterfly S10 |
David Moreton![]() |
Jason Diederich![]() |
Paul Noble![]() |
100 m freestyle B1 |
John Morgan![]() |
Junichi Kawai![]() |
Daniel Kelly![]() |
100 m freestyle B2 |
Christopher Holmes![]() |
Pablo Corral![]() |
Tim Reddish![]() |
100 m freestyle B3 |
Vladimir Chesnov![]() |
Flemming Berthelsen![]() |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
100 m freestyle S2 |
Peter Hull![]() |
James Anderson![]() |
Alan McGregor![]() |
100 m freestyle S3 |
Jean-Louis Flamengo![]() |
Tommy Hunter![]() |
Jordi Pascual![]() |
100 m freestyle S4 |
Pierre Bellot![]() |
Pau Marc Munoz![]() |
Stig Morten Sandvik![]() |
100 m freestyle S5 |
Pascal Pinard![]() |
Krzysztof Sleczka![]() |
Roberto Valori![]() |
100 m freestyle S6 |
Peter Lund![]() |
Kevin Sullivan![]() |
Jesus Iglesias![]() |
100 m freestyle S7 |
Janos Becsey![]() |
Frederic Delpy![]() |
Eric Lindmann![]() |
100 m freestyle S8 |
Johan Siqveland![]() |
Erling Trondsen![]() |
Holger Kimmig![]() |
100 m freestyle S9 |
Holger Woelk![]() |
Donnie Keller![]() |
Olafur Eiriksson![]() |
100 m freestyle S10 |
Gianluca Saini![]() |
Alwin de Groot![]() |
David Moreton![]() |
150 m individual medley SM3 |
Jean-Louis Flamengo![]() |
Kenneth Cairns![]() |
Jordi Pascual![]() |
150 m individual medley SM4 |
Krzysztof Sleczka![]() |
Javier Torres![]() |
John Petersson![]() |
200 m backstroke B1 |
John Morgan![]() |
Daniel Kelly![]() |
Junichi Kawai![]() |
200 m backstroke B2 |
Christopher Holmes![]() |
Juan Diego Gil![]() |
Ziv Better![]() |
200 m backstroke B3 |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
Michael Edgson![]() |
Kieran Modra![]() |
200 m breaststroke B1 |
Christian Bundgaard![]() |
John Morgan![]() |
Daniel Kelly![]() |
200 m breaststroke B2 |
Vitalii Krylov![]() |
Kingsley Bugarin![]() |
Jose Pedrajas![]() |
200 m breaststroke B3 |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
Ivan Nielsen![]() |
Flemming Berthelsen![]() |
200 m freestyle S6 |
Peter Lund![]() |
Jeremy Gervan![]() |
Jesus Iglesias![]() |
200 m individual medley B1 |
John Morgan![]() |
Daniel Kelly![]() |
Junichi Kawai![]() |
200 m individual medley B2 |
Christopher Holmes![]() |
Kingsley Bugarin![]() |
Pablo Corral![]() |
200 m individual medley B3 |
Michael Edgson![]() |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
Andreas Strand![]() |
200 m individual medley SM5 |
Pascal Pinard![]() |
Peter Lund![]() |
Ivanildo Alves![]() |
200 m individual medley SM6 |
Eric Lindmann![]() |
Sebastian Xhrouet![]() |
Roger Vial![]() |
200 m individual medley SM7 |
Johannes Stokkel![]() |
Simon Ahlstad![]() |
Daniel Kunzi![]() |
200 m individual medley SM8 |
Jason Wening![]() |
Erling Trondsen![]() |
Moises Galindo![]() |
200 m individual medley SM9 |
Helge Bjoernstad![]() |
Aleksei Kapoura![]() |
Olafur Eiriksson![]() |
200 m individual medley SM10 |
Paul Noble![]() |
Alwin de Groot![]() |
Stephen Simmonds![]() |
400 m freestyle B1 |
John Morgan![]() |
Daniel Kelly![]() |
Birkir Gunnarsson![]() |
400 m freestyle B2 |
Christopher Holmes![]() |
Ziv Better![]() |
Daniel Llambrich![]() |
400 m freestyle B3 |
Andreas Strand![]() |
Flemming Berthelsen![]() |
Ivan Nielsen![]() |
400 m freestyle S7 |
Eric Lindmann![]() |
Frederic Delpy![]() |
Omar Abd Ellatif![]() |
400 m freestyle S8 |
Jason Wening![]() |
Johan Siqveland![]() |
Holger Kimmig![]() |
400 m freestyle S9 |
Olafur Eiriksson![]() |
Helge Bjoernstad![]() |
Andrew Haley![]() |
400 m freestyle S10 |
David Moreton![]() |
Paul Noble![]() |
Alwin de Groot![]() |
400 m individual medley B1–2 |
John Morgan![]() |
Christopher Holmes![]() |
Ziv Better![]() |
400 m individual medley B3 |
Michael Edgson![]() |
Noel Pedersen![]() |
Vladimir Chesnov![]() |
4×50 m freestyle relay S1–6 |
![]() Juan Fuertes Javier Torres Roger Vial Jesus Iglesias |
![]() Pascal Pinard Eric Lindmann Thierry le Gloanic David Foppolo |
![]() William McQueen Mark Butler Andrew Stubbs Kevin Walsh |
4×50 m medley relay S1–6 |
![]() Thierry le Gloanic Eric Lindmann David Foppolo Pascal Pinard |
![]() Juan Fuertes Javier Torres Juan Castane Jesus Iglesias |
![]() Gary Bogue Gregory Burns Daniel Butler Kevin Sullivan |
4×100 m freestyle relay S7–10 |
![]() Mark Whitlock Jason Wening Michael Doyle Donnie Keller |
![]() Holger Woelk Jochen Hahnengress Holger Kimmig Raimund Patzelt |
![]() Hanoch Budin Shalom Ayger Shlomo Pinard Eran Shemesh |
4×100 m medley relay S7–10 |
![]() Geert Jaehrig Jochen Hahnengress Detlef Schmidt Holger Woelk |
![]() Rutger Sturkenboom Andre van Buiten Johannes Stokkel Alwin de Groot |
![]() Donnie Keller Jason Wening Mark Whitlock Michael Doyle |
Women's events
Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
50 m backstroke S2 |
Sonia Guirado![]() |
Mairead Berry![]() |
Sandrine Serres![]() |
50 m backstroke S3–4 |
Arancha Gonzalez![]() |
M. Paz Montserrat![]() |
Susana Carvalheira![]() |
50 m backstroke S5 |
Jennifer Newstead![]() |
Ritva Nikkila![]() |
Anne Cecile Lequien![]() |
50 m breaststroke SB2 |
Tara Flood![]() |
Regina Cachan![]() |
Frouwkje Harkema![]() |
50 m butterfly S3–4 |
Tracy Barrell![]() |
Regina Cachan![]() |
Jaenette Bouma![]() |
50 m butterfly S5 |
Sanna Huttunen![]() |
Genevieve Pairoux![]() |
Anne-Dorte Andersen![]() |
50 m butterfly S6 |
Beate Schretzmann![]() |
Katalin Engelhardt![]() |
Diana Zambo![]() |
50 m butterfly S7 |
Eva Nesheim![]() |
Gerda Lampers![]() |
Nora Bednarski![]() |
50 m freestyle B1 |
Janice Burton![]() |
Yvette Weicker![]() |
Eeva Riitta Fingerroos![]() |
50 m freestyle B2 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Marge Kõrkjas![]() |
Danae Sweetapple![]() |
50 m freestyle B3 |
Elizabeth Scott![]() |
Yvonne Hopf![]() |
Marie Claire Ross![]() |
Heidi Schetter![]() | |||
50 m freestyle S2 |
Liv Tone Lind![]() |
Sandrine Serres![]() |
Sonia Guirado![]() |
50 m freestyle S3–4 |
Arancha Gonzalez![]() |
M. Paz Montserrat![]() |
Tara Flood![]() |
50 m freestyle S5 |
Jennifer Newstead![]() |
Genevieve Pairoux![]() |
Sanna Huttunen![]() |
50 m freestyle S6 |
Lena-Marie Hagman![]() |
Camille Black![]() |
Anne Currie![]() |
50 m freestyle S7 |
Daniela Pohl![]() |
Beverley Gull![]() |
Tracey Oliver![]() |
50 m freestyle S8 |
Priya Cooper![]() |
Britta Siegers![]() |
Brenda Smith![]() |
50 m freestyle S9 |
Clare Bishop![]() |
Beate Lobenstein![]() |
Lilja Snorradottir![]() |
50 m freestyle S10 |
Claudia Hengst![]() |
Judith Young![]() |
Karen Norris![]() |
100 m backstroke B1 |
Janice Burton![]() |
Tracey Cross![]() |
Eeva Riitta Fingerroos![]() |
100 m backstroke B2 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Gabriella Tjernberg![]() |
Danae Sweetapple![]() |
100 m backstroke B3 |
Elizabeth Scott![]() |
Yvonne Hopf![]() |
Rut Sverrisdottir![]() |
100 m backstroke S6 |
Xiangrong Zhou![]() |
Lena-Marie Hagman![]() |
Corinne D'Urzo![]() |
100 m backstroke S7 |
Daniela Pohl![]() |
Edyta Okoczuk![]() |
M. Therese Crespo![]() |
100 m backstroke S8 |
Britta Siegers![]() |
Priya Cooper![]() |
Kristin Hakonardottir![]() |
100 m backstroke S9 |
Jacqueline Nannenberg![]() |
Clare Bishop![]() |
Lilja Snorradottir![]() |
100 m backstroke S10 |
Sarah Bailey![]() |
Claudia Hengst![]() |
Dianne Barr![]() |
100 m breaststroke B1–2 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Gabriella Tjernberg![]() |
Carine van Puyvelde![]() |
100 m breaststroke B3 |
Mandy Maywood![]() |
Marie Claire Ross![]() |
Natalia Parshina![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB3 |
Genevieve Pairoux![]() |
Margaret McEleny![]() |
Michiko Katagiri![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB4 |
Outi Hokkanen![]() |
Jennifer Newstead![]() |
Ana Martin![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB5 |
Camille Black![]() |
Gerda Lampers![]() |
Jody Houston![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB6–7 |
Britta Siegers![]() |
Heidi Kopp![]() |
Beate Schretzmann![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB8 |
Joanne Mucz![]() |
Aniko Laki![]() |
Tieyin Shi![]() |
100 m breaststroke SB9 |
Begona Reina![]() |
Kristina Brokholc![]() |
Beate Lobenstein![]() |
100 m butterfly B1 |
Eeva Riitta Fingerroos![]() |
Janice Burton![]() |
Xue Zhou![]() |
100 m butterfly B2–3 |
Elizabeth Scott![]() |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Yvonne Hopf![]() |
100 m butterfly S8 |
Laura Tramuns![]() |
Silvia Vives![]() |
Asa Wilhelmsson![]() |
100 m butterfly S9 |
Joanne Mucz![]() |
Kelly Barnes![]() |
Lilja Snorradottir![]() |
100 m butterfly S10 |
Claudia Hengst![]() |
Ana Bernardo![]() |
Judith Young![]() |
100 m freestyle B1 |
Tracey Cross![]() |
Janice Burton![]() |
Eeva Riitta Fingerroos![]() |
100 m freestyle B2 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Danae Sweetapple![]() |
Marge Kõrkjas![]() |
100 m freestyle B3 |
Elizabeth Scott![]() |
Heidi Schetter![]() |
Yvonne Hopf![]() |
100 m freestyle S2 |
Liv Tone Lind![]() |
Sandrine Serres![]() |
Sonia Guirado![]() |
100 m freestyle S3–4 |
Arancha Gonzalez![]() |
Tara Flood![]() |
M. Paz Montserrat![]() |
100 m freestyle S5 |
Jennifer Newstead![]() |
Anne-Dorte Andersen![]() |
Genevieve Pairoux![]() |
100 m freestyle S6 |
Anne Currie![]() |
Lena-Marie Hagman![]() |
Sandra Yaxley![]() |
100 m freestyle S7 |
Daniela Pohl![]() |
Eva Nesheim![]() |
Beverley Gull![]() |
100 m freestyle S8 |
Priya Cooper![]() |
Britta Siegers![]() |
Rebeccah Bornemann![]() |
100 m freestyle S9 |
Joanne Mucz![]() |
Clare Bishop![]() |
Lilja Snorradottir![]() |
100 m freestyle S10 |
Claudia Hengst![]() |
Tora Vid Keldu![]() |
Sarah Bailey![]() |
200 m backstroke B1–2 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Gabriella Tjernberg![]() |
Tracey Jones![]() |
200 m breaststroke B1–3 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Natalia Parshina![]() |
Mandy Maywood![]() |
200 m freestyle S6 |
Anne Currie![]() |
Lena-Marie Hagman![]() |
Xiangrong Zhou![]() |
200 m individual medley B1 |
Janice Burton![]() |
Tracey Cross![]() |
Louise Byles![]() |
200 m individual medley B2 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Gabriella Tjernberg![]() |
Olga Melnikova![]() |
200 m individual medley B3 |
Yvonne Hopf![]() |
Heidi Schetter![]() |
Rut Sverrisdottir![]() |
200 m individual medley SM5 |
Jennifer Newstead![]() |
Outi Hokkanen![]() |
Anne-Dorte Andersen![]() |
200 m individual medley SM6–7 |
Priya Cooper![]() |
Hadda Guerchouche![]() |
Lena-Marie Hagman![]() |
200 m individual medley SM8 |
Britta Siegers![]() |
Kristin Hakonardottir![]() |
Heidi Kopp![]() |
200 m individual medley SM9 |
Joanne Mucz![]() |
Kelly Barnes![]() |
Beate Lobenstein![]() |
200 m individual medley SM10 |
Sarah Bailey![]() |
Claudia Hengst![]() |
Judith Young![]() |
400 m freestyle B1 |
Tracey Cross![]() |
Janice Burton![]() |
Mary Ann Low![]() |
400 m freestyle B2–3 |
Elizabeth Scott![]() |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Heidi Schetter![]() |
400 m freestyle S7 |
Eva Nesheim![]() |
Beverley Gull![]() |
Aicha Chouachi![]() |
400 m freestyle S8 |
Britta Siegers![]() |
Priya Cooper![]() |
Rebeccah Bornemann![]() |
400 m freestyle S9 |
Joanne Mucz![]() |
Lilja Snorradottir![]() |
Carolina Saenz![]() |
400 m freestyle S10 |
Claudia Hengst![]() |
Sarah Bailey![]() |
Ana Bernardo![]() |
400 m individual medley B1–3 |
Trischa Zorn![]() |
Heidi Schetter![]() |
Tracey Jones![]() |
4×50 m freestyle relay S1–6 |
![]() Sandra Yaxley Tracy Barrell Catherine Huggett Anne Currie |
![]() Lena-Marie Hagman Outi Hokkanen Pernilla Nilsson Anne-Lie Osterstrom |
![]() Corinne D'Urzo Anne Cecile Lequien Aicha Chouachi Genevieve Pairoux |
4×50 m medley relay S1–6 |
![]() Anne-Lie Osterstrom Marie-Louise Freij Outi Hokkanen Lena-Marie Hagman |
![]() Anne Cecile Lequien Genevieve Pairoux Aicha Chouachi Corinne D'Urzo |
![]() Tara Flood Jeanette Esling Margaret McEleny Jane Stidever |
4×100 m freestyle relay B1–3 |
![]() Trischa Zorn Heidi Schetter Donna Brown Elizabeth Scott |
![]() Janice Danby Heather Millar Judith Jones Janice Burton |
![]() Carla Qualtrough Nancy Irvine Yvette Weicker Marie Claire Ross |
4×100 m freestyle relay S7–10 |
![]() Brenda Smith Diane Straub Carolina Saenz Karen Norris |
![]() Sarah Bailey Victoria Sims Beverley Gull Clare Bishop |
![]() Claudia Hengst Daniela Sjoberg Beate Lobenstein Britta Siegers |
4×100 m medley relay B1–3 |
![]() Trischa Zorn Elizabeth Scott Heidi Schetter Donna Brown |
![]() Heather Millar Janice Danby Louise Byles Tracey Jones |
![]() Nancy Irvine Carla Qualtrough Marie Claire Ross Yvette Weicker |
4×100 m medley relay S7–10 |
![]() Britta Siegers Beate Lobenstein Claudia Hengst Daniela Sjoberg |
![]() Beverley Gull Clare Bishop Sarah Bailey Victoria Sims |
![]() Silvia Vives Begona Reina Ana Bernardo Tania Cerda |
References
- ↑ Thomas, Nigel (2002). "Sport and Disability" (PDF). pp. 105–124. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
- 1 2 Richter, Kenneth J.; Adams-Mushett, Carol; Ferrara, Michael S.; McCann, B. Cairbre (1992). "lntegrated Swimming Classification : A Faulted System" (PDF). ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY. 9: 5–13. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
- ↑ Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J.; Schantz, Otto (2008-01-01). The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. ISBN 9781841262659.
- ↑ Bailey, Steve (2008-02-28). Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470724316.
- ↑ Brittain, Ian (2016-07-01). The Paralympic Games Explained: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 9781317404156.
- ↑ Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2016-06-01). Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119045120.
- ↑ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 128. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.