Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics

Swimming at the X Paralympic Games

Paralympic Swimming

Australian gold medalist Priya Cooper after presentation ceremony

Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics consisted of 168 events, 87 for men and 81 for women. Because of a tie in the men's 100 m freestyle S4 event, a total of 169 bronze medals were awarded.

The 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta were the first ones where swimming was fully integrated based on functional disability, with classification no longer separated into classes based on the four disability types of vision impaired, cerebral palsy, amputee, and wheelchair sport. Countries no longer had multiple national swimming teams based on disability type but instead had one mixed disability national team.^[1]

Medal table

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Germany ( GER )	19	23	14	56
2	Great Britain ( GBR )	16	17	15	48
3	Australia ( AUS )	16	16	12	44
4	United States ( USA )	16	13	16	45
5	Spain ( ESP )	14	13	14	41
6	France ( FRA )	12	8	5	25
7	Netherlands ( NED )	11	8	10	29
8	Canada ( CAN )	9	2	8	19
9	Norway ( NOR )	7	6	1	14
10	New Zealand ( NZL )	7	3	2	12

Forty other countries also participated in this sport.

Medal summary

Men's events

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
50 m backstroke S2	James Anderson  Great Britain	Miroslaw Piesak  Poland	Alan McGregor  Great Britain
50 m backstroke S3	Albert Bakaev  Russia	Claude Badie  France	Petter Edstrom  Sweden
50 m backstroke S4	Luca Pancalli  Italy	Pierre Bellot  France	Craig Laufenberg  United States
50 m backstroke S5	Zsolt Vereczkei  Hungary	Essam Attia  Egypt	Pascal Pinard  France
50 m breaststroke SB2	James Thompson  United States	Nenad Krisanovic  Yugoslavia	Andrej Zatko  Slovakia
50 m breaststroke SB3	Christian Fritsche  Germany	John Petersson  Denmark	Garth Harris  Canada
50 m butterfly S3	Andrej Zatko  Slovakia	Kenneth Cairns  Great Britain	Antonios Giapoutzis  Greece
50 m butterfly S4	Luca Pancalli  Italy	Christian Fritsche  Germany	John Petersson  Denmark
50 m butterfly S5	Daniel Butler  United States	Qiwen Mao  China	Pascal Pinard  France
50 m butterfly S6	Duane Kale  New Zealand	Kai Xia  China	Peter Lund Andersen  Denmark
50 m butterfly S7	José Arnulfo Medeiros  Brazil	Daniel Kunzi  Switzerland	Walid Abd Elkader  Egypt
50 m freestyle B1	Junichi Kawai  Japan	Izhar Cohen  Israel	Daniel Kelly  United States
50 m freestyle B2	Christopher Holmes  Great Britain	Pablo Corral  Spain	Ziv Better  Israel
50 m freestyle B3	Ebert Kleynhans  South Africa	Noel Pedersen  Norway	Walter Wu  Canada
50 m freestyle MH	Alwin Houtsma  Netherlands	Grant Fitzpatrick  Australia	Craig Groenewald  South Africa
50 m freestyle S10	Alwin de Groot  Netherlands	Stefan Loeffler  Germany	Scott Brockenshire  Australia
50 m freestyle S2	Miroslaw Peisak  Poland	James Anderson  Great Britain	Adriano Pereira  Brazil
50 m freestyle S3	Jaime Eulert  Peru	Albert Bakaev  Russia	Petter Edstrom  Sweden
50 m freestyle S4	Ricardo Oribe  Spain	Luca Pancalli  Italy	Akinobu Aoki  Japan
50 m freestyle S5	Juan Fuertes  Spain	Lars Lürig  Germany	Krzysztof Sleczka  Poland
50 m freestyle S6	Peter Lund Andersen  Denmark	Duane Kale  New Zealand	Adriano Lima  Brazil
50 m freestyle S7	Tony Alexander  Canada	Eric Lindmann  France	Jesus Iglesias  Spain
50 m freestyle S8	Emil Broendum  Denmark	Konstantinos Fykas  Greece	Holger Kimmig  Germany
50 m freestyle S9	Brendan Burkett  Australia	Rutger Sturkenboom  Netherlands	Luis Alicea  United States
100 m backstroke B1	Daniel Kelly  United States	Junichi Kawai  Japan	Birkir Gunnarsson  Iceland
100 m backstroke B2	Christopher Holmes  Great Britain	Francisco Segarra  Spain	Ziv Better  Israel
100 m backstroke B3	Walter Wu  Canada	Noel Pedersen  Norway	Jurgen Lentink  Netherlands
100 m backstroke S10	Alwin de Groot  Netherlands	Marc Woods  Great Britain	Jurjen Engelsman  Netherlands
100 m backstroke S6	Weiming Zhu  China	Gregory Burns  United States	Duane Kale  New Zealand
100 m backstroke S7	Eric Lindmann  France	Andrew Lindsay  Great Britain	Soo Bok Kim  South Korea
100 m backstroke S8	Holger Kimmig  Germany	Kasper Hansen  Denmark	Geert Jaehrig  Germany
100 m backstroke S9	Helge Bjoernstad  Norway	David Malone  Ireland	Detlef Schmidt  Germany
100 m breaststroke B1	Christian Bundgaard  Denmark	Daniel Kelly  United States	Panom Lagsanaprim  Thailand
100 m breaststroke B2	Kingsley Bugarin  Australia	José Arribas  Spain	Vitali Krylov  Russia
100 m breaststroke B3	Noel Pedersen  Norway	Ivan Nielsen  Denmark	Jurgen Lentink  Netherlands
100 m breaststroke SB10	Stefan Loeffler  Germany	Tomas Kjellqvist  Sweden	Mario Kofler  Germany
100 m breaststroke SB4	Pascal Pinard  France	Ricardo Ten  Spain	Ivanildo Vasconcelos  Brazil
100 m breaststroke SB5	Kasper Engel  Netherlands	Tadhg Slattery  South Africa	Aaron Paulson  United States
100 m breaststroke SB6	Jésus Iglesias  Spain	Aaron Bidois  New Zealand	Matthias Schlubeck  Germany
100 m breaststroke SB7	Baoren Gong  China	Sascha Kindred  Great Britain	Laurentius van Geel  Netherlands
100 m breaststroke SB8	Rune Ulvang  Norway	Helge Bjoernstad  Norway	Yongzhong Guo  China
100 m breaststroke SB9	Jurjen Engelsman  Netherlands	Alwin de Groot  Netherlands	Sergey Bestuchev  Russia
100 m butterfly B2	Jeff Hardy  Australia	Kingsley Bugarin  Australia	Daniel Kelly  United States
100 m butterfly B3	Walter Wu  Canada	Ian Sharpe  Great Britain	Ivan Nielsen  Denmark
100 m butterfly S10	Jody Cundy  Great Britain	Alwin de Groot  Netherlands	Scott Brockenshire  Australia
100 m butterfly S8	Giles Long  Great Britain	Emil Broendum  Denmark	J. Terblanche  South Africa
100 m butterfly S9	Olafur Eiriksson  Iceland	Aleksei Kapoura  Russia	Andrew Haley  Canada
100 m freestyle B1	Junichi Kawai  Japan	Daniel Kelly  United States	Tim Reddish  Great Britain
100 m freestyle B2	Christopher Holmes  Great Britain	Kingsley Bugarin  Australia	Ziv Better  Israel
100 m freestyle B3	Walter Wu  Canada	Ebert Kleynhans  South Africa	Vladimir Tchesnov  Russia
100 m freestyle MH	Alwin Houtsma  Netherlands	Grant Fitzpatrick  Australia	Craig Groenewald  South Africa
100 m freestyle S10	Alwin de Groot  Netherlands	Stefan Loeffler  Germany	Jurjen Engelsman  Netherlands
100 m freestyle S2	James Anderson  Great Britain	Alan McGregor  Great Britain	Adriano Pereira  Brazil
100 m freestyle S3	Petter Edstrom  Sweden	Palmar Gudmundsson  Iceland	Genezi Andrade  Brazil
100 m freestyle S4	Ricardo Oribe  Spain	Luca Pancalli  Italy	John Petersson  Denmark
			Akinobu Aoki  Japan
100 m freestyle S5	Juan Fuertes  Spain	Lars Lürig  Germany	Krzysztof Sleczka  Poland
100 m freestyle S6	Duane Kale  New Zealand	Peter Lund Andersen  Denmark	Danijel Pavlinec  Slovenia
100 m freestyle S7	Eric Lindmann  France	Tony Alexander  Canada	Yuriy Andryushin  Ukraine
100 m freestyle S8	Emil Broendum  Denmark	Holger Kimmig  Germany	Kasper Hansen  Denmark
100 m freestyle S9	Luis Alicea  United States	Rutger Sturkenboom  Netherlands	Olafur Eiriksson  Iceland
150 m medley SM3	Petter Edstrom  Sweden	Genezi Andrade  Brazil	Stig Morten Sandvik  Norway
150 m medley SM4	Javier Torres  Spain	Krzyzstof Sleczka  Poland	John Petersson  Denmark
200 m breaststroke B2	Kingsley Bugarin  Australia	Christian Bundgaard  Denmark	Vitali Krylov  Russia
200 m breaststroke B3	Noel Pedersen  Norway	Ivan Nielsen  Denmark	Andrei Nefedov  Russia
200 m freestyle S3	Palmar Gudmundsson  Iceland	Petter Edstrom  Sweden	Genezi Andrade  Brazil
200 m freestyle S4	Ricardo Oribe  Spain	Luca Pancalli  Italy	James Thompson  United States
200 m freestyle S5	Lars Lürig  Germany	Juan Fuertes  Spain	Krzysztof Sleczka  Poland
200 m freestyle S6	Duane Kale  New Zealand	Peter Lund Andersen  Denmark	Danijel Pavlinec  Slovenia
200 m medley B1	Daniel Kelly  United States	Tim Reddish  Great Britain	Junichi Kawai  Japan
200 m medley B2	Kingsley Bugarin  Australia	Christopher Holmes  Great Britain	Jeff Hardy  Australia
200 m medley B3	Walter Wu  Canada	Noel Pedersen  Norway	Flemming Berthelsen  Denmark
200 m medley SM10	Alwin de Groot  Netherlands	Jurjen Engelsman  Netherlands	Stefan Loeffler  Germany
200 m medley SM5	Arkadiusz Pawlowski  Poland	Pascal Pinard  France	Peter Lund Andersen  Denmark
200 m medley SM6	Duane Kale  New Zealand	Sebastian Xhrouet  Belgium	Thomas Grimm  Germany
200 m medley SM7	Eric Lindmann  France	Simon Ahlstad  Sweden	Gledson Soares  Brazil
200 m medley SM8	J. Terblanche  South Africa	Holger Kimmig  Germany	Giles Long  Great Britain
200 m medley SM9	Helge Bjoernstad  Norway	Rutger Sturkenboom  Netherlands	Olafur Eiriksson  Iceland
400 m freestyle B2	Jeff Hardy  Australia	Francisco Segarra  Spain	Kingsley Bugarin  Australia
400 m freestyle B3	Walter Wu  Canada	Ivan Nielsen  Denmark	Christopher Fox  Great Britain
400 m freestyle S10	Alwin de Groot  Netherlands	Stefan Loeffler  Germany	Marc Woods  Great Britain
400 m freestyle S7	Eric Lindmann  France	Sebastian Xhrouet  Belgium	Frederic Delpy  France
400 m freestyle S8	Jason Wening  United States	Holger Kimmig  Germany	Emil Broendum  Denmark
400 m freestyle S9	Enrique Tornero  Spain	Luis Alicea  United States	Andrew Haley  Canada
4×50 m freestyle S1–6	United States (USA) Martin Parker Gregory Burns Aaron Paulson James Thompson Daniel Butler	Spain (ESP) Juan Fuertes Ricardo Oribe Jesus Iglesias Javier Torres	China (CHN) Weiming Zhu Qiwen Mao Hua Bin Zeng Kai Xia
4×50 m medley S1–6	United States (USA) Gregory Burns Aaron Paulson Daniel Butler Martin Parker	China (CHN) Qiwen Mao Kai Xia Hua Bin Zeng Weiming Zhu	Spain (ESP) Ricardo Ten Jésus Iglesias Javier Torres Juan Fuertes
4×100 m freestyle S7–10	Germany (GER) Holger Kimmig Detlef Schmidt Oliver Anders Stefan Loeffler	Australia (AUS) Scott Brockenshire Brendan Burkett Paul Gockel Dominic Collins Cameron de Burgh	Spain (ESP) Pablo Saavedra Enrique Tornero Antonio Martorell Juan Francisco Jimenez
4×100 m medley S7–10	Germany (GER) Holger Kimmig Stefan Loeffler Detlef Schmidt Oliver Anders	Great Britain (GBR) Giles Long Marc Woods Paul Noble Shaun Uren Iain Mathew	Netherlands (NED) Rutger Sturkenboom Alwin de Groot Jurjen Engelsman Kasper Engel Laurentius van Geel

Women's events

An unidentified Australian swimmer at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games

An unidentified Australian swimmer at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
50 m backstroke S2	Sara Carracelas  Spain	Mairead Berry  Ireland	Betiana Basualdo  Argentina
50 m backstroke S3	Aranzazu Gonzalez  Spain	Susana Barroso  Portugal	Annke Conradi  Germany
50 m backstroke S4	Kay Espenhayn  Germany	Mayumi Narita  Japan	Karen Breumsoe  Denmark
50 m backstroke S5	Béatrice Hess  France	Corinne D'Urzo  France	Jane Stidever  Great Britain
50 m breaststroke SB3	Noriko Kajiwara  Japan	Margaret McEleny  Great Britain	Kay Espenhayn  Germany
50 m butterfly S5	Béatrice Hess  France	Monika Jaromi  Hungary	Katalin Engelhardt  Hungary
50 m butterfly S6	Maria Goetze  Germany	Beate Schretzmann  Germany	Elizabeth Wright  Australia
50 m butterfly S7	Eva Nesheim  Norway	Margita Prokeinova  Slovakia	Malgorzata Okupniak  Poland
50 m freestyle B1	Eila Nilsson  Sweden	Tracey Cross  Australia	Janice Burton  Great Britain
50 m freestyle B2	Marge Kõrkjas  Estonia	Trischa Zorn  United States	Maria Angeles Fernandez  Spain
50 m freestyle B3	Yvonne Hopf  Germany	Daniela Henke  Germany	Marie Claire Ross  Canada
50 m freestyle MH	Tracy Wiscombe  Great Britain	Eela Kokk  Estonia	Sigrun Hrafnsdottir  Iceland
50 m freestyle S10	Claudia Hengst  Germany	Judith Young  Australia	Elizabeth Prinsloo  South Africa
50 m freestyle S2	Sara Carracelas  Spain	Betiana Basualdo  Argentina	Victoria Broadribb  Great Britain
50 m freestyle S3	Aranzazu Gonzalez  Spain	Susana Barroso  Portugal	Annke Conradi  Germany
50 m freestyle S4	Mayumi Narita  Japan	Kay Espenhayn  Germany	Karen Breumsoe  Denmark
50 m freestyle S5	Béatrice Hess  France	Olena Akopyan  Ukraine	Margaret McEleny  Great Britain
50 m freestyle S6	Ludivine Loiseau  France	Jeanette Esling  Great Britain	Karni Liddell  Australia
50 m freestyle S7	Daniela Pohl  Germany	Tracey Oliver  Australia	Margita Prokeinova  Slovakia
50 m freestyle S8	Pernille Thomsen  Denmark	Priya Cooper  Australia	Brenda Levy  United States
50 m freestyle S9	Joyce Luncher  United States	Sabrina Bellavia  Belgium	Ricka Stenger  Denmark
100 m backstroke B1	Raquel Saavedra  Spain	Eeva Riitta Fingerroos  Finland	Qiming Dong  China
100 m backstroke B2	Trischa Zorn  United States	Marge Kõrkjas  Estonia	Ana Garcia-Arcicollar  Spain
100 m backstroke B3	Yvonne Hopf  Germany	Marie Claire Ross  Canada	Elizabeth Scott  United States
100 m backstroke S10	Sarah Bailey  Great Britain	Karen Norris  United States	Judith Young  Australia
100 m backstroke S6	Jennifer Newstead  New Zealand	Polina Dzhurova  Bulgaria	Xiangrong Zhou  China
100 m backstroke S7	Kristin Hakonardottir  Iceland	Eva Nesheim  Norway	Elisabeth Walker  Canada
100 m backstroke S8	Priya Cooper  Australia	Silvia Vives  Spain	Janelle Falzon  Australia
100 m backstroke S9	Jacqueline Nannenberg  Netherlands	Katarzyna Michalczyk  Poland	Melissa Carlton  Australia
100 m breaststroke B2	Carine van Puyvelde  Belgium	Elaine Barrett  Great Britain	Trischa Zorn  United States
100 m breaststroke B3	Marie Claire Ross  Canada	Daniela Henke  Germany	Elizabeth Scott  United States
100 m breaststroke SB10	Sarah Bailey  Great Britain	Judith Young  Australia	Ricka Stenger  Denmark
100 m breaststroke SB4	Jennifer Newstead  New Zealand	Sara Olofsson  Sweden	Maria Vikgren  Sweden
100 m breaststroke SB5	Camille Waddell  United States	Eva Nesheim  Norway	Gitta Raczko  Hungary
100 m breaststroke SB6	Malgorzata Okupniak  Poland	Edyta Okoczuk  Poland	Gerda Lampers  Netherlands
100 m breaststroke SB7	Kristin Hakonardottir  Iceland	Beate Schretzmann  Germany	Petra Reuvekamp  Netherlands
100 m breaststroke SB8	Tieyin Shi  China	Laura Tramuns Tripiana  Spain	Syreeta van Amelsvoort  Netherlands
100 m breaststroke SB9	Katerina Coufalova  Czech Republic	Joyce Luncher  United States	Begona Reina  Spain
100 m butterfly B1	Tracey Cross  Australia	Eeva Riitta Fingerroos  Finland	Janice Burton  Great Britain
100 m butterfly B3	Elizabeth Scott  United States	Daniela Henke  Germany	Marie Claire Ross  Canada
100 m butterfly S10	Gemma Dashwood  Australia	Judith Young  Australia	Ana Bernardo  Spain
100 m butterfly S8	Syreeta van Amelsvoort  Netherlands	Silvia Vives  Spain	Priya Cooper  Australia
100 m butterfly S9	Joyce Luncher  United States	Melissa Carlton  Australia	Marina Tozzini  Italy
100 m freestyle B1	Eila Nilsson  Sweden	Daniela Roehle  Germany	Eeva Riitta Fingerroos  Finland
100 m freestyle B2	Marge Kõrkjas  Estonia	Maria Angeles Fernandez  Spain	Trischa Zorn  United States
100 m freestyle B3	Yvonne Hopf  Germany	Daniela Henke  Germany	Marie Claire Ross  Canada
100 m freestyle MH	Tracy Wiscombe  Great Britain	Carla Sullivan  Australia	Petrea Barker  Australia
100 m freestyle S10	Claudia Hengst  Germany	Gemma Dashwood  Australia	Sarah Bailey  Great Britain
100 m freestyle S2	Betiana Basualdo  Argentina	Alejandra Perezlindo  Argentina	Sara Carracelas  Spain
100 m freestyle S3	Aranzazu Gonzalez  Spain	Annke Conradi  Germany	Susana Barroso  Portugal
100 m freestyle S4	Mayumi Narita  Japan	Kay Espenhayn  Germany	Aimee Bruder  United States
100 m freestyle S5	Béatrice Hess  France	Olena Akopyan  Ukraine	Margaret McEleny  Great Britain
100 m freestyle S6	Jeanette Esling  Great Britain	Ludivine Loiseau  France	Jennifer Newstead  New Zealand
100 m freestyle S7	Daniela Pohl  Germany	Mireia Riera  Spain	Kristin Hakonardottir  Iceland
100 m freestyle S8	Priya Cooper  Australia	Pernille Thomsen  Denmark	Petra Reuvekamp  Netherlands
100 m freestyle S9	Joyce Luncher  United States	Melissa Carlton  Australia	Sabrina Bellavia  Belgium
150 m medley SM4	Kay Espenhayn  Germany	Margaret McEleny  Great Britain	Mayumi Narita  Japan
200 m breaststroke B2	Carine van Puyvelde  Belgium	Elaine Barrett  Great Britain	Ana Garcia-Arcicollar  Spain
200 m freestyle S4	Kay Espenhayn  Germany	Mayumi Narita  Japan	Aimee Bruder  United States
200 m freestyle S5	Béatrice Hess  France	Olena Akopyan  Ukraine	Margaret McEleny  Great Britain
200 m freestyle S6	Jennifer Newstead  New Zealand	Ludivine Loiseau  France	Jeanette Esling  Great Britain
200 m medley B1	Tracey Cross  Australia	Daniela Roehle  Germany	Eeva Riitta Fingerroos  Finland
200 m medley B2	Trischa Zorn  United States	Maria Angeles Fernandez  Spain	Birgit Beeker  Germany
200 m medley B3	Marie Claire Ross  Canada	Yvonne Hopf  Germany	Elizabeth Scott  United States
200 m medley SM10	Sarah Bailey  Great Britain	Gemma Dashwood  Australia	Claudia Hengst  Germany
200 m medley SM5	Béatrice Hess  France	Jennifer Newstead  New Zealand	Katalin Engelhardt  Hungary
200 m medley SM6	Eva Nesheim  Norway	Maria Goetze  Germany	Ludivine Loiseau  France
200 m medley SM7	Kristin Hakonardottir  Iceland	Malgorzata Okupniak  Poland	Hadda Guerchouche  France
200 m medley SM8	Priya Cooper  Australia	Syreeta van Amelsvoort  Netherlands	Silvia Vives  Spain
200 m medley SM9	Emily Jennings  Great Britain	Joyce Luncher  United States	Ricka Stenger  Denmark
400 m freestyle B2	Melanie Easter  Great Britain	Trischa Zorn  United States	Maria Angeles Fernandez  Spain
400 m freestyle S10	Gemma Dashwood  Australia	Sarah Bailey  Great Britain	Claudia Hengst  Germany
400 m freestyle S7	Rebeccah Bornemann  Canada	Julie Wolfe  United States	Mireia Riera  Spain
400 m freestyle S8	Priya Cooper  Australia	Petra Reuvekamp  Netherlands	Janelle Falzon  Australia
400 m freestyle S9	Melissa Carlton  Australia	Marina Tozzini  Italy	Sabrina Bellavia  Belgium
4×50 m freestyle S1–6	Great Britain (GBR) Jane Stidever Margaret McEleny Jeanette Esling Jennifer Booth	France (FRA) Béatrice Hess Ludivine Loiseau Virginie Tripier Corinne D'Urzo	United States (USA) Camille Waddell Sandra Hanebrink Aimee Bruder Stephanie Brooks
4×50 m medley S1–6	Hungary (HUN) Diana Zambo Gitta Raczko Monika Jaromi Katalin Engelhardt	United States (USA) Stephanie Brooks Jill Nelson Camille Waddell Susan Moucha	Great Britain (GBR) Jennifer Booth Jeanette Esling Margaret McEleny Jane Stidever
4×100 m freestyle B1–3	Germany (GER) Daniela Roehle Birgit Beeker Daniela Henke Yvonne Hopf	Great Britain (GBR) Melanie Easter Leanne Edmans Janice Burton Kirsty Stoneham	United States (USA) Elizabeth Scott Dawn Duffy Mandy Sommer Trischa Zorn
4×100 m freestyle S7–10	Australia (AUS) Melissa Carlton Priya Cooper Janelle Falzon Gemma Dashwood	United States (USA) Joyce Luncher Allison Pittman Karen Norris Brenda Levy	Germany (GER) Beate Lobenstein Daniela Pohl Stephanie Puetz Claudia Hengst
4×100 m medley B1–3	Germany (GER) Daniela Roehle Birgit Beeker Yvonne Hopf Daniela Henke	United States (USA) Mandy Sommer Elizabeth Scott Katie Edgar Trischa Zorn	Spain (ESP) Maria Angeles Fernandez Anais Garcia Ana Garcia-Arcicollar Raquel Saavedra
4×100 m medley S7–10	United States (USA) Karen Norris Diane Straub Joyce Luncher Allison Pittman	Germany (GER) Daniela Pohl Claudia Hengst Anna Brinck Beate Lobenstein	Spain (ESP) Silvia Vives Begona Reina Ana Bernardo Tania Cerda

References

1. Clair, Jill M. Le (2013-09-13). Disability in the Global Sport Arena: A Sporting Chance. Routledge. ISBN 9781135694241.

• Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics (Atlanta) from the International Paralympic Committee