Tararua Range

Tararua Range from Wairarapa
Tararua Range from Mount Holdsworth
North Island New Zealand and position of Tararua Range
Clem Creek flowing into the Waiohine River

The Tararua Range, often referred to as the Tararua Ranges or the Tararuas, is one of several mountain ranges in the North Island of New Zealand. They form a ridge running parallel with the east coast of the island between East Cape and Wellington.[1]

The Tararua Range runs northeast-southwest for 80 kilometres from near Palmerston North to the upper reaches of the Hutt Valley, where the northern tip of the Rimutaka Range begins. It is separated in the north from the southern end of the Ruahine Range by the Manawatu Gorge.[1]

The highest peak in the Tararuas is Mitre (not to be confused with Mitre Peak) at 1,570 metres (5,150 ft). Other prominent peaks include Mount Bannister (1,537 metres (5,043 ft)) and Mount Hector (1,529 metres (5,016 ft)), which is named after the scientist Sir James Hector. Its Māori name is Pukemoumou, or 'hill of desolation'.[1]

Geography

The Tararua Range is divided into a northern and a southern distinct regions. Each of these is dominated by a central mountain peak: Arete in the north and Hector in the south. A total of ten rivers rise on the mountain slopes, providing water for the surrounding rural and urban areas from Palmerston North to Wellington. A number of ranges radiate out from the mountains, the largest of which is the Main Range linking the twin clusters of northern and southern peaks.[2] The summits of the ranges average between 1,300 and 1,500 metres in height. This consistency indicates that the region was once part of a level plain. About 10 million years ago parts of this relatively low-lying area were thrust up, creating a mountainous backbone for the southern part of the North Island. Subsequent erosion contributed to the present pattern of parallel ranges divided by deep river valleys. The ranges provide a back-drop for the Kapiti coastal plain.

Climate and vegetation

The western slopes of the ranges are subject to prevailing moisture-carrying winds, channelled by Cook Strait to the south. These are the source of an annual rainfall of approximately 5,000 mm, resulting in the dominance of conifers, ferns and shrubs on the western side of the ranges. By contrast, the pattern on the eastern side is one of open beech forest in a drier environment.[1] In spite of a reputation of being composed of gloomy bush, impenetrable leatherwood, and wet snow tussocks on mist-shrouded tops, the Tararua Range has a wide diversity of vegetation, ranging from alpine tussock grasslands and subalpine shrublands to forests of montane miro/kamahi, or beech or lowland broadleaf forests with emergent podocarps and kamahi.[3]

The forest in the northern part of the Tararuas consists mainly of tawa and miro indigenous woodlands. Further south introduced species such as beech are widely seen. Finally, along the west slopes of the ranges facing the Tasman Sea, mixed native species such as rimu, tarrier, matai, totara and kahikatea are dominant.[4]

History

The rugged terrain and frequently harsh weather of the Tararua Range served to discourage any substantial attempt at penetration by early Maori. Although there is archeological evidence of exploration by moa hunters as early as the twelfth century, the mountains remained a massive physical divide between the tribal settlements located along rivers, lakes and coastlines to the east and west. Some of the Ngati Mamoe (early Maori settlers on the neighboring Kapiti Coast) are reputed to have taken refuge in the Tararua mountains after they were displaced by the Rangitane and Muaupoko iwi (tribal groups). The Ngati Mamoe survivors attained a mythical status as the patupaiarehe (fairy folk) of the Taruruas.[5] In the 1820s the Muaupoko in turn were forced to flee to the ranges when under attack by the Ngati Toa led by Te Rauparaha. In spite of such intrusions, the mountain range remained the home of distant gods or hostile wild men (maero). As such, it was a special place to be respected but avoided.[6]

In the 1870s a large potion of the ranges was sold to the New Zealand Government by a coalition of the Iwi in possession of the surrounding region. Specifically excluded from this "Tararua Block" purchase was an area of 1,000 acres reserved to protect the sacred lake Hapuakorari, the exact location of which remained uncertain.[7] European settlers, like their Maori counterparts, found the steep ridges and deep valleys of the Tararua Range difficult of access and intimidating in scale. The range accordingly escaped the development of the fertile plains that bordered on it. In 1881 36,000 acres of the Tararua Block, including key catchment areas for four rivers, was classified as State Forest, subject to protection. Additional watersheds were added over the following decades, to create a Crown conservation reserve in excess of 250,000 acres. The scenic beauty of the Tararuas made the mountains a popular subject for paintings during the Victorian period - though largely romanticized and usually undertaken from a distance.[8] By the 1920s, with the neighboring countryside largely settled, the potential of the ranges as an area for outdoor recreation rather than for exploitation began to be recognized.

Tararua Forest Park

Otaki River near Otaki Forks.

The 116,535 hectare Tararua Forest Park covers more than three-quarters of the Tararua Range. It is administered by the New Zealand Department of Conservation and extends from the Pahiatua Track in the north, to the Rimutaka Saddle in the south. The main entrance on the eastern side of the ranges is at Holdsworth, and on the west side from Otaki Forks.

Roads

The only all-weather road right across the range is the "Pahiatua Track", which joins Palmerston North and Pahiatua and is mostly used when the Manawatu Gorge road is closed.

Recreation

The Tararua Range serves as a popular tramping location for the greater Wellington district. It is one of the most frequently entered ranges in the country, with between 120,000 and 150,000 people visiting each year. Among the many tramping tracks is the well-known "Southern Crossing" running from Otaki Forks in the west, over Mount Hector and exiting via Kaitoke.[1]

Tramping history

Waiohine River gorge, route of the 'Hill and Sutch' party

The Tararua Range is significant in the history of tramping in New Zealand, due to its accessibility for people in Wellington and nearby towns. In April 1933, it was the focus of what later came to be known as The Sutch Search when Mr Eric Hill, Miss Morva Williams, Mr Bert O’Keefe and Dr. Bill Sutch went missing for more than two weeks during an attempt to traverse from Te Matawai Hut to Mount Holdsworth during winter. An accident while sidling the Broken Axe Pinnacles prevented the group getting to Mt Holdsworth in a day as planned. Then bad weather forced them off the ridge tops. It took more than two weeks for them to find a route down the untracked Waiohine River.[9] The group was noticed to be missing after a week, at which time a search developed that eventually involved roughly 200 people and solicited many donations from members of the public. The search was the first in New Zealand to involve radio communications and aircraft, and is generally considered to be one of the major contributing events towards the formation of New Zealand's voluntary Land Search and Rescue service (LSAR).[10] It was covered intensely by media at the time, and when the group finally returned they sparked strong public debate regarding the responsibilities of those who enter the wilderness.[11]

A combination of steep terrain, difficult river crossings and changeable winter weather conditions has caused over twenty-two tramping deaths in the Tararua Range since 1970, most recently two on 19-20 November 2016. Other deaths included those of the Chief Executive of the National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa: Dr Seddon Bennington and a friend Marcella Jackson, who died of hypothermia in June 2009.[12]

Coordinates: 40°46′S 175°23′E / 40.767°S 175.383°E / -40.767; 175.383

Mountain running racing

The Tararua Mountain Race, following a track of 35.4 km, from Kaitoke to Otaki Forks, has been held annually since 1990. The running race involves a total ascent of 2,250 m. plus a slightly longer descent, and requires the deployment of 50 volunteers as marshals, search and rescue teams, first aid helpers, and support staff.[13] It frequently encounters adverse weather and is not regarded as a suitable event for inexperienced participants.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tararua Range.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Maclean, Chris (3 March 2011). "Wellington places - Tararua Range". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  2. ↑ Chris Maclean, pages 26-30 Tararua - the Story of a Mountain Range, ISBN 0-473-02613-9
  3. ↑ "Vegetation in Tararua Forest Park". Department of Conservation. 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012. If you think the vegetation of the Tararua Range is just gloomy bush, impenetrable leatherwood, and wet snow tussocks on the mist-shrouded tops you will be pleasantly surprised if you look closer.
  4. ↑ McKenzie, D. W. New Zealand Atlas. p. 815. ISBN 0-86863-466-2.
  5. ↑ Chris Maclean, page 41 "Tararua - the story of a mountain range",ISBN 0-473-02613-9
  6. ↑ Chris Maclean, pages 68 and 78, "Tararua - the Story of a Mountain Range", ISBN 0-473-02613-9
  7. ↑ Chris Maclean, pages 68-71, "Tararua - the Story of a Mountain Range", ISBN 0-473-02613-9
  8. ↑ Chris Maclean, pages 106-107 "Tararua - the Story of a Mountain Range", ISBN 0-473-02613-9
  9. ↑ Chris MacLean (December 1994). Tararua: The Story of a Mountain Range. Whitcombe Press. ISBN 978-0-473-02613-4. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  10. ↑ "History of LandSAR in New Zealand". New Zealand Land Search and Rescue. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  11. ↑ Mike McGavin (27 August 2010). "Re-living the Sutch Search". Windy Hilltops. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  12. ↑ Dominion Post, 15 July 2009
  13. ↑ http://www.tararua-race.org.nz
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