Martin Shkreli

Martin Shkreli

Shkreli testifying before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 2016
Born 1983 (age 32–33)
Nationality American
Alma mater Baruch College
Occupation Corporate executive, hedge fund manager, entrepreneur, livestreamer
Known for Turing Pharmaceuticals; Retrophin
Criminal charge Securities fraud[1]

Martin Shkreli (/ˈskrɛli/, born 1983)[2] is an American entrepreneur[3][4][5] and pharmaceutical executive.[6] He is co-founder of the hedge fund MSMB Capital Management, co-founder and former chief executive officer (CEO) of the biotechnology firm Retrophin, and founder and former CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals. In September 2015, Shkreli received widespread criticism when Turing obtained the manufacturing license for the antiparasitic drug Daraprim and raised its price by a factor of 56 (from US$13.5 to US$750 per pill), leading him to be referred to by media as the "most hated man in America".[7]

In December 2015, Shkreli was arrested by the FBI after being indicted on federal charges of securities fraud. He is free on bail pending trial.[1][8] He resigned as CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals and was replaced by the company's board chairman, Ron Tilles.[9][10][11]

Early life

Shkreli was born in Coney Island Hospital, Brooklyn. He is the son of Albanian and Croatian immigrants who worked as janitors.[12] He, his two sisters, and his brother grew up in a working class community in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn.[7][13][14][15] Shkreli was raised Catholic, and attended Sunday school as a child.[16]

Shkreli attended Hunter College High School. He dropped out before his senior year due to a lack of interest,[17] but received the credits necessary for his diploma through a program that placed him in an internship at Wall Street hedge fund Cramer, Berkowitz and Company[15] when he was 17.[7][18] Sources differ on whether Shkreli graduated from Hunter[13] or whether he received sufficient credits there but actually graduated from City-As-School High School.[19]

Shkreli received a bachelor's degree in business administration from Baruch College in 2004.[7] Shkreli told Vanity Fair that he developed an interest in chemistry when a family member suffered from treatment-resistant depression.[2] In March 2015, Hunter College High School announced that Shkreli donated $1,000,000 to them.[20]

Career

During Shkreli's time at Cramer, Berkowitz and Company, he recommended short-selling a biotech stock, believing that the company's share price would drop. When it did so, Cramer's hedge fund profited. In 2003, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals was testing a weight‑loss drug, and Shkreli, then 19, predicted that the stock price would fall. Shkreli's prediction drew the attention of the Securities and Exchange Commission, which investigated Shkreli's knowledge about the stock but found no wrongdoing on his part.[21]

Hedge funds founded

After four years as an associate at Cramer Berkowitz, Shkreli worked as an analyst for Intrepid Capital Management and UBS Wealth Management.[22] He then started his first hedge fund, Elea Capital Management, in 2006.[18][23] "In 2007, Lehman Brothers sued Elea in New York state court for failing to cover a 'put option transaction' in which Shkreli bet the wrong way on a broad market decline. When stocks rose, Shkreli didn’t have the funds to make the bank whole. In October 2007, Lehman Brothers won a $2.3 million default judgment against Shkreli and Elea", but Lehman collapsed before it could collect on the ruling.[21]

In September 2009, Shkreli launched MSMB Capital Management,[12][24] which took its name from the initials of the two founding portfolio managers, Shkreli and his childhood friend Marek Biestek.[18][21] Shkreli and Biestek shorted biotech companies, then described flaws in the companies on stock trading chat rooms.[2]

On February 1, 2011, in a naked short sale on an account it held with Merrill Lynch, MSMB Capital sold short 32 million shares of Orexigen Therapeutics stock at about $2.50 per share the day after its price plunged from $9.09, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declined to approve the drug Contrave.[25][26] The stock price rebounded; MSMB could not cover the position, although it had told Merrill Lynch that it could.[27] Merrill Lynch lost $7 million on the trade and MSMB Capital was virtually wiped out. Retrophin's 2015 SEC Complaint contended that Shkreli then created MSMB Healthcare and Retrophin "so that he could continue trading after MSMB Capital became insolvent and to create an asset that he might be able to use to placate his MSMB Capital investors."[28]

In 2011, Shkreli filed requests with the FDA to reject a new cancer diagnostic device from Navidea Biopharmaceuticals and an inhalable insulin therapy from MannKind Corporation while publicly short-selling both companies' stocks, the values of which dropped after Shkreli's interventions. The companies had difficulty launching the products as a result, although the FDA ultimately approved both.[21][29][30]

In 2011, MSMB made an unsolicited cash bid for AMAG Pharmaceuticals, US$378,000,000.[31] Matthew Herper of Forbes wrote that the attempted hostile takeover was "done for the specific purpose of firing the company’s management and stopping a proposed merger with Allos Therapeutics. When the merger plans stopped, so did Shkreli."[32]

Retrophin

Shkreli founded Retrophin (a portmanteau of "recombinant dystrophin") in 2011 under the MSMB umbrella, and ran it as a portfolio company with an emphasis on biotechnology, to create treatments for rare diseases.[21][33][34][35]

Retrophin's board decided to replace Shkreli in September 2014, and he resigned from the company the following month.[28] He was replaced by Stephen Aselage.[36] During Shkreli's tenure as CEO, the company's employees used alias Twitter accounts to make gangster rap jokes and encourage short selling of other biotech stocks.[37] Critics argued that Shkreli was intelligent but too immature and unfocused for the job of CEO.[38]

After Shkreli's departure, Retrophin filed a US$65 million lawsuit against him in August 2015, claiming that he had breached his duty of loyalty to the biopharmaceutical company in a long-running dispute over his use of company funds[28][39][40] and "committed stock-trading irregularities and other violations of securities rules".[41] The lawsuit alleged that Shkreli had threatened and harassed a former MSMB employee and his family.[42] Shkreli and some of his business associates have been under criminal investigation by the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York since January 2015. Shkreli invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination in order to avoid testifying during civil depositions.[43][44]

Shkreli's name is on two patents held by Retrophin for drugs to treat PKAN.[2][45]

Thiola price hike controversy

In May 2014 Retrophin acquired the rights to market Thiola, a drug used to treat the rare disease cystinuria.[46] Shortly before Retrophin fired Shkreli, Retrophin raised the price of Thiola from $1.50 to $30 per pill; patients must take 10 to 15 pills a day.[47] Medicinal chemist Derek Lowe wrote of the Thiola action, "This one enrages me, and I do drug research for a living" and titled that article "The Most Unconscionable Drug Price Hike I Have Yet Seen".[48] Retrophin did not lower the price after Shkreli's departure.[49] In February 2016 Imprimis Pharmaceuticals announced it had developed a lower-cost alternative to Thiola[47] and in May 2016 began selling two formulations of it.[50]

Turing Pharmaceuticals

Shkreli founded Turing Pharmaceuticals in February 2015, after his departure from Retrophin. He launched Turing with three drugs in development acquired from Retrophin: an intranasal version of ketamine for depression, an intranasal version of oxytocin, and Vecamyl for hypertension.[51] Shkreli set a business strategy for Turing: to obtain licenses on out-of-patent medicines and reevaluate the pricing of each in pursuit of windfall profits for the new company, without the need to develop and bring its own drugs to market.[52][53] As markets for out-of-patent drugs are often small, and obtaining regulatory approval to manufacture a generic version is expensive, Turing calculated that with closed distribution for the product and no competition, it could set high prices.[52]

Daraprim price hike controversy

In accordance with Shkreli's business plan, Turing acquired Daraprim (pyrimethamine), a medication approved by the FDA in 1953,[54] for US$55 million.[55][56] on August 10, 2015, from Impax Laboratories.[57] The drug's most prominent use as of late 2015 was as an anti-malarial[58] and an antiparasitic, in conjunction with leucovorin and sulfadiazine[59] to treat patients with AIDS-related and AIDS-unrelated toxoplasmosis.[60] The patent for Daraprim had expired, but no generic version was available.[61] The Turing–Impax deal included the condition that Impax remove the drug from regular wholesalers and pharmacies,[58] and so in June 2015, two months before the sale to Turing was announced, Impax switched to tightly controlled distribution.[18] In keeping with its strategy for pricing in the face of limited competition (see above), Turing maintained the closed distribution.[52] The New York Times noted that the deal "made sense only if Turing planned to raise the price of the drug substantially."[18]

On September 17, 2015, Dave Muoio of Healio, an in-depth clinical information website for health care specialists,[62] reported on a letter from the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the HIV Medicine Association to executives at Turing,[63] questioning a new pricing for Daraprim.[60] The price of a dose of the drug in the U.S. market increased from US$13.50 to US$750 per pill, overnight, a factor of 56.[64]

The price increase was initially criticized, jointly, by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the HIV Medicine Association,[58][63] by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America,[65] and soon thereafter by presidential candidates Hillary Clinton,[66] Bernie Sanders,[67] and Donald Trump.[68] A subsequent organized effort called on Turing to return pricing to pre-September levels and to address several matters relating to the needs of patients, an effort that garnered endorsements from more than 160 medical‑specialty and patient‑related organizations (as of December 2015, 164 organizations from thirty-one states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico).[69][70]

In response to the controversy, the record label Collect Records publicly ended its business relationship with Shkreli, who had invested in the company.[71]

In a September 2015 interview with Bloomberg Markets, Shkreli claimed that despite the price increase, patient co-pays would actually be lower, that many patients would get the drug at no cost, that Turing had expanded its free drug program, and that it sold half of its drugs for one dollar.[72] He defended the price hike by saying, "If there was a company that was selling an Aston Martin at the price of a bicycle, and we buy that company and we ask to charge Toyota prices, I don’t think that that should be a crime."[73][74] A few days later, Shkreli announced that he planned to lower the price by an unspecified amount, "in response to the anger that was felt by people".[43] But in late November, Turing reversed course and said it would not lower the price after all.[75] Following a request by Senator Bernie Sanders and Representative Elijah Cummings for details of Turing Pharmaceuticals' finances and price-setting practices in September 2015,[76][77] the company hired four lobbyists from Buchanan, Ingersoll & Rooney with backgrounds in health care legislation and pharmaceutical pricing.[78][79] In addition to the lobbyists, Shkreli hired a crisis public relations firm to help explain the pricing decision.[80]

On October 22, 2015, Mark Baum, CEO of Imprimis Pharmaceuticals, announced that his company would provide a combination product containing pyrimethamine (the active ingredient in Daraprim) and leucovorin at "$1-a-pill" as a cheaper and more efficient alternative to Daraprim.[81] This product is intended to be used alongside sulfadiazine in the standard protocol to treat toxoplasmosis typically seen in AIDS patients.[60]

Baum noted, "This is not the first time a sole supply generic drug – especially one that has been approved for use as long as Daraprim – has had its price increased suddenly and to a level that may make it unaffordable". He announced the availability of the compounded replacement for Daraprim as a part of a larger corporate program, "Imprimis Cares", to make "novel and customizable medicines available to physicians and patients at accessible prices". Imprimis is now offering its compounded, orally taken formulations of pyrimethamine and leucovorin beginning at US$99 for a 100‑count bottle, essentially a dollar a dose.[81]

On November 23, 2015, Turing announced that the company would not reduce the list price of Daraprim, but said it planned instead to negotiate volume discounts of up to 50% for hospitals.[82] Turing said it was not as important to cut the list price as to reduce the cost to hospitals, where most patients get their initial treatment. The company pledged that no patient needing Daraprim would ever be denied access.[75] Infectious disease specialists and patient advocates, including Tim Horn of the Treatment Action Group and Carlos del Rio of the HIV Medicine Association, said Turing's actions were insufficient, given that patients initially treated for days at a hospital typically have to continue the treatment for weeks or months after leaving.[83]

KaloBios Pharmaceuticals

In November 2015, an investor group led by Shkreli acquired a majority stake in KaloBios Pharmaceuticals (OTC Pink Limited: KBIOQ), a biopharmaceutical company based in South San Francisco, California.[84] Shkreli was named CEO of the company and also planned to continue in the role of CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals.[85][86] After his December 2015 arrest, KaloBios Pharmaceuticals terminated him as CEO.[87] On December 29, 2015, KaloBios filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. This followed NASDAQ delisting its shares, and the resignation of two directors.[88]

Criminal prosecution

On December 17, 2015, Shkreli was arrested by the FBI after a federal indictment[89] in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York was filed, charging him with securities fraud. The charges were filed after an investigation into his tenure at MSMB Capital Management and Retrophin. He was accused of running a Ponzi-like scheme.[1] A United States Department of Justice press release said, "As alleged, Martin Shkreli engaged in multiple schemes to ensnare investors through a web of lies and deceit".[90][91] In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Shkreli said that he was targeted by law enforcement for his price hikes of the drug Daraprim and his flamboyant personality.[92]

In his nationally syndicated column, political commentator Robert Reich wrote that what Shkreli did wrong was to be more audacious while "play[ing] the same game many others are playing on Wall Street and in corporate suites".[93]

In early 2016, Shkreli retained criminal defense attorney Benjamin Brafman to defend him.[94][95]

Testimony before Congress

Shkreli was subpoenaed to appear before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the U.S. House of Representatives to answer questions about the Daraprim price increase.[96] Shkreli's efforts to quash the subpoena were unsuccessful.[96]

On February 4, 2016, Shkreli appeared before the House committee,[97] along with Nancy Retzlaff,[98] the Chief Commercial Officer of Turing, and Howard B. Schiller, the interim CEO of Valeant.[99]

Shkreli followed his lawyer's advice and refused to answer all questions with exception to the question pertaining to his name by South Carolina Congressman Trey Gowdy[100][101] – including those related to his acquisition of the most expensive music album ever made[102] – by exercising his Fifth Amendment rights.[103] On the same day, Shkreli wrote a public message on Twitter reading, "Hard to accept that these imbeciles represent the people in our government",[96] and later he took to the internet saying he was willing to take questions from the public that he’d refused to answer before Congress, justifying his position by accusing the Congressmen of being motivated purely by “self-interest.”[104]

Other projects

Shkreli is a League of Legends player who goes by the handles "Imagine Cerebral" and "Turingboss". In May 2014 he began expressing interest in purchasing an eSports team,[105] Enemy eSports announced that it had rejected a US$1.2 million offer from Shkreli.[106] Eventually, he founded his own team, Odyssey eSports, and aimed to qualify for the 2015 North American League of Legends Challenger Series. The team lost to Cloud9 Tempest in the qualifying tournament and failed to qualify. In August, Odyssey merged with Imagine, with Shkreli becoming chairman of the team. During the merger, the team acquired the Dota 2 team Leviathan.[107][108]

In November 2015, Shkreli began livestreaming on YouTube showing him playing games such as League of Legends and chess, as well as offering financial advice. Later he started a financial and chemistry class explaining the basics of each subject. Shkreli had previously streamed on the website Twitch but switched to YouTube after his account was banned from Twitch for unknown reasons.[109][110] When Shkreli was arraigned in December and released on bail, he continued streaming from his apartment.[111]

Shkreli had a contract with Collect Records and offered to bail out Bobby Shmurda; Shkreli abandoned this after his own arrest.[112][113]

Personal life

As of 2014, Shkreli had served as chair of the board of the National Albanian American Council since 2008.[114]

In October 2015, presidential candidate Bernie Sanders acknowledged having received a $2,700 donation from Shkreli, whom he had previously called a "poster child of greed". Sanders, however, said he would forward the money to Whitman-Walker Health, a D.C. community clinic known for its expertise in HIV/AIDS healthcare. Shkreli told medicine news portal STAT amongst his reasons to donate to Senator Sanders' campaign is that he does support some of his policies, just not the ones about drug prices. Mainly he hoped to raise Sanders' attention in order to explain to him in a private meeting the drug companies' price setting mechanisms.[115]

Shkreli was revealed as the winner of an auction for the Wu-Tang Clan album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin after the single copy of the album was sold via Paddle8 on November 24, 2015, for US$2 million to what was reported to be a "private American collector".[116] On December 9, 2015, Bloomberg Businessweek identified Shkreli as the purchaser.[102] In February 2016, he announced in an offer letter $10 million to become the sole owner of Kanye West's album The Life of Pablo.[117][118] On February 12, 2016, Shkreli increased his offer for West's The Life of Pablo from $10 million to $15 million.[119] On August 5, 2016 he became a recurring guest on the Pardon My Take Podcast presented by Barstool Sports. In late October 2016, Shkreli claimed on his Twitter that he would release the album for free download if Donald Trump won the 2016 US presidential election and would destroy the album if Hillary Clinton won.[120] He shared the intro and one track the day after Donald Trump became the President-elect.[121]

References

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