Timeline of hypertext technology

This article presents a timeline of hypertext technology, including "hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from 1945 on. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson.

See also Graphical user interface, Multimedia; also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910.

1940s

1941
- Jorge Luis Borges' "The Garden of Forking Paths"
1945
- Memex (concept by Vannevar Bush)

1960s

1960
- Project Xanadu (concept)
1962
- Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy uses the term surfing
1967
- Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson at Brown University
1968
- FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES)
- NLS (oN-Line System)

1970s

1972
- ZOG
1973
- Xerox Alto desktop
1976
- PROMIS
1978
- Aspen Movie Map
1979
- PERQ

1980s

1980
- ENQUIRE (not released)
1981
- Electronic Document System (EDS, aka Document Presentation System)
- Kussmaul Encyclopedia
- Xerox Star desktop
1982
- Guide
1983
- Knowledge Management System (KMS, successor to ZOG)
- TIES (The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies)
1984
- NoteCards
1985
- Intermedia (successor to FRESS and EDS)
- Symbolics Document Examiner (Symbolics workstations)
1986
- TextNet (a network-based approach to text handling)
- Neptune (a hypertext system for CAD applications)
1987
- Macromedia Authorware
- Canon Cat ("Leap" function, interface)
- HyperCard
- Knowledge Navigator (concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John Sculley in his book Odyssey)
1988
- Microcosm (hypermedia system) (University of Southampton)
1989
- Macromedia Director
- The Sun Link Service
- Information Management: a proposal, Tim Berners-Lee, CERN

1990s

1990
- World Wide Web
- Hyperland (BBC documentary written by Douglas Adams)
1991
- Gopher
- AmigaGuide
1995
- Wiki
1998
- Everything2
- XML
1999
- RSS

2000s

2001
- Wikipedia
2014
- OpenXanadu, an implementation of Project Xanadu

Hypermedia

Basics	Hypertext Hyperlink Hypertext fiction Hypervideo Adaptive hypermedia educational authoring Hyperlinks in virtual worlds

Resource identifiers	Uniform resource identifier Internationalized resource identifier Uniform resource name Uniform resource locator Extensible resource identifier Persistent uniform resource locator Semantic URL

Concepts	anchor text click path Domain name click here Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing deep linking Fat link Fragment identifier Hostname Hypertext Inline linking inbound link/backlink HTTP referer image map Internal link Internet bookmark linkback Link relation Link rot Object hyperlinking Path Screen hotspot Source tracking transclusion URI scheme URL normalization URL redirection Website Web page XML namespace

Technology	CURIE Hypertext Transfer Protocol XLink

See also	Digital poetry History of hypertext Interactive novel Interactive fiction Timeline of hypertext technology Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing World Wide Web Domain Application Protocol

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