Toliara Province

Toliara
Province
Map of Madagascar with Toliara highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 22°45′S 44°15′E / 22.750°S 44.250°ECoordinates: 22°45′S 44°15′E / 22.750°S 44.250°E
Country	Madagascar
Capital	Toliara
Area
• Total	161,405 km^2 (62,319 sq mi)
Population (2001)
• Total	2,229,550
• Density	14/km^2 (36/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3

The Toliara Province (formerly Toliary or Tuléar) is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 161,405 square kilometres (62,319 sq mi). It had a population of 2,229,550 (July, 2001). Its capital was Toliara. Near Toliara was the "spiny forest".

Toliara Province bordered the following provinces – Mahajanga Province in the north, Antananarivo Province in the northeast and Fianarantsoa Province in the east. Masikoro Malagasy and Tandroy Malagasy were the chief languages.^[1] Sea cucumbers were exported from the province and were an important factor in its economy.^[2] The deciduous Andronovory forest was located in the province.^[3]

The province was the poorest one in Madagascar. In 1993, 8 in every 10 person of the province was living below the poverty line. Despite the production of export crops the province recorded the highest rural poverty.^[4][5] The average fertility rate per woman was above 5.^[6] With 77 percent of its population being illiterate, Tolaira was the most illiterate province of Madagascar. Only 22 percent of the province's population had received primary level education.^[7][8]

The commercially valuable softwood tree Givotia madagascariensis, found in Antananarivo and Toliara provinces was endemic to Madagascar.^[9] The oil producing plant moringa drouhardii was endemic to Toliara province.^[10] Deforestation was a major issue for the province.^[11] In April 1971, a peasant rebellion was organised by MONIMA leader Monja Joana. The peasants refused to pay taxes and the government retaliated by dissolving MONIMA and deporting Joana.^[12]

Toliara province offered poor transport and security facilities.^[13][14] Potable water was accessible to only 24.9% of the province's households.^[15] It was rich in terms of minerals.^[16][17] Toliara province was in the news in July 2005 for its mining activity.^[18]

Abolition

The provinces were abolished following the results of Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2007 which led to the formation of 22 smaller areas (faritra or regions) to facilitate regional development.^[19]

Administrative divisions

Toliara Province was divided into four regions of Madagascar - Androy, Anosy, Atsimo Andrefana and Menabe. These four regions became the first-level administrative divisions when the provinces were abolished in 2009. They are sub-divided into 21 districts:

• Androy region:
  • 2. Ambovombe-Androy
  • 5. Bekily
  • 6. Beloha
  • 21. Tsiombe
• Atsimo-Andrefana region:
  • 3. Ampanihy
  • 4. Ankazoabo
  • 8. Benenitra
  • 9. Beroroha
  • 10. Betioky
  • 15. Morombe
  • 17. Sakaraha
  • 19. Toliara II
  • 20. Toliara I
• Anosy region:
  • 1. Amboasary
  • 11. Betroka
  • 18. Tolanaro
• Menabe region:
  • 7. Belon'i Tsiribihina
  • 12. Mahabo
  • 13. Manja
  • 14. Miandrivazo
  • 16. Morondava

References

1. Frawley 2003, p. 205.
2. Lovatelli & Conand 2004, p. 141.
3. Collins & Morris 1985, p. 354.
4. International Monetary Fund 1997, p. 47.
5. International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 20.
6. International Monetary Fund 1997, p. 52.
7. International Monetary Fund 1997, p. 53.
8. World Bank 2002, p. 50.
9. Timbers 2, p. 364.
10. van der Vossen & Mkamilo 2007, p. 118.
11. Cook 2010, p. 84.
12. Political Chronology of Africa 2003, p. 261.
13. International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 29.
14. International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 32.
15. International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 39.
16. List of minerals
17. Milisenda & Henn 1996, pp. 177–178.
18. McKay, David (19 July 2005). "Africa's new mining province". miningmx.com. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
19. "Initial result shows "Yes" to revision of constitution in Madagascar". People's Daily Online. 7 April 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2014.

Bibliography

• Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6.
• Cook, Jonathan A. (2010). Vulnerable Places, Vulnerable People: Trade Liberalization, Rural Poverty and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84980-519-3.
• Europa Publications (2003). Political Chronology of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35666-8.
• Frawley, William (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
• International Monetary Fund (1997). Madagascar - Recent Economic Developments and Selected Issues. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 978-1-4519-9201-4.
• International Monetary Fund (2003). Madagascar: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. International Monetary Fund. GGKEY:WBCZZ86945A.
• Lemmens, R.H.M.J.; Louppe, D.; Oteng-Amoako, A.A. Timbers 2. PROTA. ISBN 978-92-9081-495-5.
• Lovatelli, Alessandro; Conand, C. (2004). Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 978-92-5-105163-4.
• Milisenda, Claudio C.; Henn, U. (1996). "Compositional characteristics of sapphires from a new find in Madagascar". The Journal of Gemmology. Great Britain: Gemmological Association of Great Britain. 25.
• van der Vossen, H.A.M.; Mkamilo, G.S. (2007). Vegetable oils. PROTA. ISBN 978-90-5782-191-2.
• Education and Training in Madagascar: Toward a Policy Agenda for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction. World Bank Publications. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8213-5164-2.