Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings"

Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings"
Author Lin Carter
Country United States
Language English
Publisher Ballantine Books
Publication date
 1969
Pages 211 p.
Followed by Lovecraft: A Look Behind the "Cthulhu Mythos"

Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" is a study of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien written by Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in March 1969 and reprinted in April 1969, April 1970, July 1971, July 1972, February 1973, July 1973, June 1975 and November 1977, after which it went out of print for over twenty-five years.[1] The book has been translated into French,[2] Japanese[3] and Polish.[4] A new edition updated by Adam Roberts was published by Gollancz in August 2003; it constituted both the first British edition and first hardcover edition.[1][5] The first American hardcover edition was published by Tor Books in 2004.[1]

The original version of the book was among the earliest full-length critical works devoted to Tolkien's fantasies, and the first to set his writings in their proper context in the history of fantasy. It was the earliest of three important studies by Carter devoted to fantasy/horror writers and the history of fantasy, being followed by Lovecraft: A Look Behind the "Cthulhu Mythos" (1972) and Imaginary Worlds: the Art of Fantasy (1973), and helped establish him as an authority on the genre, indirectly leading to his editorial guidance of the groundbreaking Ballantine Adult Fantasy series.

Outline

Carter's study was intended to serve as an introduction to Tolkien for those unfamiliar with his work. His introduction briefly reviews the publishing phenomenon of The Lord of the Rings and its burgeoning popularity in the wake of the first paperback editions in the 1960s, after which he devotes three chapters to a short biography of the author through the late 1960s, including an account of how The Lord of the Rings was written.

Four chapters explaining Tolkien's invented Middle-earth and summarizing the stories of The Hobbit and the three volumes of The Lord of the Rings follow, for the benefit of readers who may not have yet actually read the works.

Carter next turns to the question of what the works are, a point of some confusion at the time. The then-current vogue for realistic fiction provided critics with few tools for evaluating an out-and-out fantasy on its own terms, and attempts to deconstruct it as a satire or allegory were rife. Carter gently but firmly debunks these efforts, supporting his argument by drawing on Tolkien's own published ruminations on the functions and purposes of fantasy.

He then contextualizes Tolkien's works by broadly sketching the history of written fantasy from its earliest appearance in the epic poetry of the ancient world through the heroic poetry of the Dark Ages and the prose romances of the medieval era, down to the fairy tales, ghost stories and gothic novels of the early modern era and the rediscovery of the genre by writers of the 19th and 20th centuries prior to and contemporary with Tolkien. The origins of the modern genre are discovered in the writings of William Morris, Lord Dunsany and E. R. Eddison and followed through the works of authors they influenced, including H. P. Lovecraft, Fletcher Pratt and L. Sprague de Camp, and Mervyn Peake.

Carter next highlights some of Tolkien's particular debts to his predecessors, early and modern, tracing the motifs and names he utilizes back to their beginnings in Norse mythology and highlighting other echoes in his work deriving from legend and history.

Finally noted is Tolkien's influence on contemporary fantasy, which was just beginning to make itself felt at the time Carter wrote, primarily in the juvenile fantasies of Carol Kendall, Alan Garner, and Lloyd Alexander.

In the second edition updated by Adam Roberts material on the story of The Silmarillion was added to the chapter "Tolkien Today," the "After Tolkien" section on recent fantasy authors expanded, and some material on the 2001-2003 movie versions of The Lord of the Rings included in the introduction.[5]

Contents

  1. The Lives and Times of Professor Tolkien
  2. How The Lord of the Rings Came to be Written
  3. Tolkien Today
  4. Of Middle-Earth and the Story of The Hobbit
  5. The Story of The Fellowship of the Ring
  6. The Story of The Two Towers
  7. The Story of The Return of the King
  8. The Trilogy—Satire or Allegory?
  9. Tolkien's Theory of the Fairy Story
  10. Fantasy in the Classical Epic
  11. Fantasy in the Chanson de Geste
  12. Fantasy in the Medieval Romance
  13. The Men Who Invented Fantasy
  14. Tolkien's Basic Sources
  15. On the Naming of Names
  16. Some People, Places, and Things

Reception

Richard C. West, writing in the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, assesses the book in these words: "The honor of the first worthwhile book on Tolkien must go to Carter, who was widely read in literature from ancient times to the twentieth century, and his 1969 book surveys a long list of works behind The Lord of the Rings from all periods. Unfortunately, he did not have the scholarly training to do this with sufficient rigor and the book has many factual errors throughout, but his enthusiasm is infectious."[6]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
  2. ↑ Carter, Lin (2002). Tolkien : le maître des anneaux. Paris: Le Pré aux Clercs.
  3. ↑ Carter, Lin (2002). Rōdo obu za ringu : "Yubiwa monogatari" kanzen dokuhon. Tōkyō: Kadokawa Shoten.
  4. ↑ Carter, Lin (2003). Tolkien : świat "Władcy pierścieni". Warszawa: "Iskry".
  5. 1 2 Carter, Lin (2003). Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings". London: Gollancz.
  6. ↑ West, Richard C. "Tolkien Scholarship: First Decades: 1954-1988." In J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment (Michael D. C. Drout, ed.), New York: Routledge, c2007, p. 655.
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