Toluene diisocyanate

Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
Names
IUPAC name
2,4-diisocyanato-1-methyl-benzene
Other names
Tolylene diisocyanate
Methyl phenylene diisocyanate
Identifiers
584-84-9 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:53556 YesY
ChEMBL ChEMBL1086446 YesY
ChemSpider 13835351 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.008.678
RTECS number CZ6300000
Properties
C9H6N2O2
Molar mass 174.2 g/mol
Appearance Colorless to pale yellow liquid
Odor sharp, pungent[1]
Density 1.214 g/cm3, liquid
Melting point 21.8 °C (71.2 °F; 294.9 K)
Boiling point 251 °C (484 °F; 524 K)
Reacts
Vapor pressure 0.01 mmHg (25°C)[1]
Hazards
Safety data sheet See: data page
Very toxic (T+)
Carc. Cat. 3
R-phrases R26, R36/37/38, R40,
R42/43, R52/53
S-phrases (S1/2), S23, S36/37, S45, S61
NFPA 704
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas Reactivity code 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g., calcium Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
1
3
1
Flash point 127 °C (261 °F; 400 K)
Explosive limits 0.9%-9.5%[1]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
14 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
13.9 ppm (guinea pig, 4 hr)
9.7 ppm (mouse, 4 hr)
11 ppm (rabbit, 4 hr)[2]
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
 C 0.02 ppm (0.14 mg/m3)[1]
REL (Recommended)
 Ca[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 Ca [2.5 ppm][1]
Related compounds
Related isocyanates
 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
Naphthalene diisocyanate
Related compounds
 Polyurethane
Supplementary data page
Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic
data
 Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H3(NCO)2. Two of the six possible isomers are commercially important: 2,4-TDI (CAS: 584-84-9) and 2,6-TDI (CAS: 91-08-7). 2,4-TDI is produced in the pure state, but TDI is often marketed as 80/20 and 65/35 mixtures of the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers respectively. It is produced on a large scale, accounting for 34.1% of the global isocyanate market in 2000, second only to MDI.[3] Approximately 1.4 billion kilograms were produced in 2000.[4]

Synthesis

2,4-TDI is prepared in three steps from toluene via dinitrotoluene and 2,4-diaminotoluene (TDA). Finally, the TDA is subjected to phosgenation, i.e., treatment with phosgene to form TDI. This final step produces HCl as a byproduct and is a major source of industrial hydrochloric acid.[4]

Distillation of the crude TDI mixture produces an 80:20 mixture of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI, known as TDI (80/20). Differentiation or separation of the TDI (80/20) can be used to produce pure 2,4-TDI and a 65:35 mixture of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI, known as TDI (65/35).

Applications

The isocyanate functional groups in TDI react with hydroxyl groups to form carbamate (urethane) links. The two isocyanate groups in TDI react at different rates: The 4-position is approximately four times more reactive than the 2-position. 2,6-TDI is a symmetrical molecule and thus has two isocyanate groups of similar reactivity, similar to the 2-position on 2,4-TDI. However, since both isocyanate groups are attached to the same aromatic ring, reaction of one isocyanate group will cause a change in the reactivity of the second isocyanate group.[3]

It is used in the production of flexible polyurethane foams

Hazards

The LD50 for TDI is 5800 mg/kg for oral contact and LC50 of 610 mg/m3 for the vapour. Despite the indicated low toxicity, TDI is classified as “very toxic” by the European Community.[4]

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit with a ceiling at 0.02 ppm (0.14 mg/m3), while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has not established a recommended exposure limit, due to the classification of toluene diisocyanate as a possible occupational carcinogen.[5] This chemical was one of many that caused two massive explosions in a chemical warehouse stationed in Tianjin, China on August 13, 2015.[6]

Information is available on handling, personal protective equipment, exposure monitoring, transport, storage, sampling and analysis of TDI, dealing with accidents, and health and environmental themes.[7] All major producers of TDI are members of the International Isocyanate Institute, whose aim is the promotion of the safe handling of TDI in the workplace, community, and environment.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0621". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. ↑ "Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. 1 2 Randall, D.; Lee, S. (2003). The Polyurethanes Book. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-85041-1.
  4. 1 2 3 Six, C.; Richter, F. (2005), "Isocyanates, Organic", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_611
  5. ↑ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (May 1994). "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  6. ↑ CNN
  7. ↑ Allport, D. C.; Gilbert, D. S.; Outterside, S. M., eds. (2003). MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment: A Source Book and Practical Guide. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-95812-3.
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