Trondheimsk

Trondheimsk
Region	Trondheim
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Trøndersk Trondheimsk
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Trondheimsk, Trondheim dialect or Trondheim Norwegian is a dialect of Norwegian used in Trondheim. It is a variety of Trøndersk.

Phonology

Consonants

• /l/ is dental [l̪].^[1]
  • After short vowels, it is realized as an approximant, either palatal [ʎ] or palatalized dental [l̪ʲ].^[2]
  • When it occurs after a short vowel before a voiceless stop (particularly /t/),^[1] it is realized as a voiceless dental lateral continuant, described variously as an approximant [l̪̊]^[1] and a fricative [l̪].^[2]
• /r/ tends to be realized as a voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]. It is devoiced to [ʂ] before /p/ and /k/.^[2]

Vowels

• /iː/ and /yː/ can be diphthongized to, respectively, [ie] and [ye].^[3]
• /uː/ is diphthongized to [ue].^[4]
• /eː, øː/ and /ɔː/ are diphthongized to, respectively, [eæ], [øæ] and [ɔ̝æ].^[5]
• The schwa [ə] does not exist in the Trondheim dialect.^[6]
• /æ, æː/ have the most open realization in all of Norway, i.e. open front [a, aː].^[7]
• /ɑ, ɑː/ are fully back [ɑ, ɑː].^[8]
• /ɑi/ has a back starting point [ɑi].^[9]

Tonemes

Phonetic realization

The tonemes of the Trondheim dialect are the same as those of the Oslo dialect; accent 1 is low-rising, whereas accent 2 is falling-rising.^[10]

References

1. Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
2. Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
3. Vanvik (1979), pp. 14, 19.
4. Vanvik (1979), p. 18.
5. Vanvik (1979), pp. 14, 17, 20.
6. Vanvik (1979), p. 21.
7. Vanvik (1979), p. 15.
8. Vanvik (1979), p. 16.
9. Vanvik (1979), p. 23.
10. Ophaug (2014), p. 59.

Bibliography

• Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
• Ophaug, Wencke (2014), EXFAC Fonetikk og fonologi (PDF)
• Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6