Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant

Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant

Tsuruga NPP
Location of Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant in Japan
Country Japan
Coordinates 35°45′7″N 136°1′8″E / 35.75194°N 136.01889°E / 35.75194; 136.01889Coordinates: 35°45′7″N 136°1′8″E / 35.75194°N 136.01889°E / 35.75194; 136.01889
Construction began November 24, 1966 (1966-11-24)
Commission date March 14, 1970 (1970-03-14)
Operator(s) Japan Atomic Power Company
Power generation
Units operational 357 MW
1,160 MW
Units planned 2 × 1,538 MW
Average generation 9,096 GWh

The Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant (敦賀発電所 Tsuruga hatsudensho, Tsuruga NPP) is a nuclear power plant located in the town of Tsuruga, Fukui Prefecture. It is operated by the Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC). The total site area amounts to 5.12 km2 (1,265 acres) with 4.80 km2, or 94% of it, being green area that the company is working to preserve.[1]

The Tsuruga site is a dual site with the decommissioned prototype Fugen Nuclear Power Plant.

The construction of two new nuclear reactors is currently planned. However, there have been many delays due to the need for seismic upgrades, even before the March, 2011 earthquake. As of 2014, construction has not begun on the two new plants, although a tunnel has been completed linking the tip of the peninsula with the existing No 1 and No 2 sites.[2][3][4]

Nuclear Reactors on Site

Unit Type Commission date Electric Power
Tsuruga - 1 (decommissioning) BWR March 14, 1970 357 MW
Tsuruga - 2 PWR February 17, 1987 1160 MW
Tsuruga - 3 (planned)[5] APWR - 1538 MW
Tsuruga - 4 (planned)[5] APWR - 1538 MW
Tsuruga 1 circa 1970

The Tsuruga #1 reactor is oldest commercial reactor in Japan. It was shut down for a safety inspection on 26 January 2011.[6] In March 2015 JAPC announced that Tsuruga #1 would be decommissioned.[7]

Tsuruga 1 under construction circa 1967

In March 2015 the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) accepted an expert report that concluded the plant is on an active fault, which put any restart of Tsuruga #2 in doubt.[8]

Events

Juridical actions of citizens against restarting the nuclear reactors

On 8 November 2011 a group of 40 citizens of Otsu in Shiga prefecture started a lawsuit at the Otsu District Court against Japan Atomic Power Company. They asked for a provisional court order to delay the restart of the two reactors at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant in the city of Tsuruga. The plaintiffs argued that:

The operator of the plant did not want to make any comment to the press. At that time the two reactors of the plant were shut down for regular checkups. But the four-month inspection of the No. 2 reactor could be completed in December, and the checkup of reactor 1 could be completed in March 2012.[14]

Seismic research done in 2005, 2011 and 2012

On 5 March 2012, a group of seismic researchers revealed the possibility of a 7.4M (or even more potent) earthquake under the Tsuruga Nuclear Powerplant. Before this date, the Japanese governmental Earthquake Research Committee and Japan Atomic Power had calculated that the Urasoko fault under the plant, combined with other faults connected to it, was around 25 km long. and could cause a 7.2M quake and a 1.7 meter displacement. On top of this, the presence of the oceanic faults were not taken into account by NISA and JAP in the assessment of the safety of the Tsuruga nuclear power plant.

Analysis of sonic survey and other data provided by Japan Atomic Power analysed by a panel of experts of Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency showed the presence of multiple faults existing within 2 to 3 km from the Urasoko fault. According to Yuichi Sugiyama, a member of this group of scientists, these faults were highly likely to be activated together, and this would extend the length of the Urasoko fault to 35 km.

Computer-simulations calculating the length of a fault based on its displacement, showed the Urasoko fault to be 39 km long, a result close to the length estimated by the sonic survey data, and the fault could cause some 5 meter displacement when activated together with other faults.

Sugiyama, the leader of this research group of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, warned that – as other faults on the south side of the Urasoko fault could become activated together – "The worst-case scenario should be taken into consideration".

According to the experts, there were many other faults located under one reactor on the west side of the Urasoku fault that could also move simultaneously. If this would be confirmed, the location of the Tsuruga nuclear plant would be disqualified.[15]

On 6 March 2012, NISA asked Japan Atomic Power Co. to reassess the worst-case scenario for earthquakes at the Tsuruga-nuclear power plant: what damage this could do to the buildings on the site, because the Urazoko fault, running around 250 meters from the reactor buildings, could have a serious impact on the earthquake resistance of the power plant. NISA was also planning to send similar instructions to two other nuclear power plant operators in the Fukui area: Kansai Electric Power Company, and Japan Atomic Energy Agency, because the Mihama Nuclear Power Plant and the Monju fast-breeder reactor could also be affected by a possible earthquake caused by the Urazoko fault.[16]

A few weeks later, on 21 March 2012, was revealed that the results of sonic research done in 2005 were ignored by JAPCO and that this data was kept secret in 2008 from a NISA research team of experts.[17]

After an on-site survey at four points of geological layers by a panel of geologists, on 24 April 2012, NISA did admit that the 35-km-long Urazoko fault that runs under the Tsuruga reactors could be active. The experts determined that an earthquake did happen there some 4,500 years ago and that the other fault (without a name) running right beneath reactor 2 could slip and cause critically damage to the reactor induced by an earthtquake caused by the Urazoko fault. By definition, a fault is "active" when it is believed to have caused a quake about 120,000 to 130,000 years ago or later. Japan Atomic Power was requested to produce a detailed assessment of the two faults under the reactors.[18]

On 14 November 2012, the Nuclear Regulation Authority of Japan decided to conduct a field-survey on the Tsuruga-site to check the faults under and around the plant. On 1 December, and of necessary, 2 December, the investigative team led by NRA Commissioner and seismologist Kunihiko Shimazaki and four other experts planned to examine the site to exclude that faults running directly underneath the two reactors might move in conjunction with the active Urazoko fault located only 250 meters from the buildings.[19]

The result of these investigations was presented at a meeting of experts on 10 December 2012. The conclusion was that the "fault zone of crushed rock called D-1, located beneath the plant's No. 2 reactor, could move in conjunction with the Urazoko fault." Kunihiko Shimazaki, the NRA-commissioner at the head of the team, told at the meeting, "that what appeared to be an extended section of D-1 had moved as an active fault in the past, together with the movement of the Urazoko fault". Although some local residents were stunned by the NRA-led team's judgment, the mayor of Tsuruga, Mayor Kazuharu Kawase, said that the outcome was "very tough", but that additional investigations could possibly confirm the safety of the plants.[20]

In a draft-report presented 28 January 2013, a panel of experts of the Japanese NRA again affirmed that the D-1 fault that runs under reactor No. 2 is likely to be geological active, because it could move in conjunction with the active Urazoko-fault located only some 250 meters from both the No. 1 and No. 2 reactor buildings. Although other outside experts will be asked to check the report "to improve" the contents, Kunihiko Shimazaki, NRA-member and panel head said : "We're not expecting to spend much time, but I can't tell at this moment by when (the review will finish)." [21]

On 22 January 2013, officials of Japan Atomic Power Co. received a version of the draft assessment report on the geologic faults running under the reactor complex. This was just a week before the report was scheduled to be made public by an NRA-appointed panel. Although the leaked information was not secret, for it contained a summary of public discussions, the incident was rather an embarrassment for the NRA because it undermined its policy of transparency and neutrality. Japan Atomic Power Co. was eager to get the information, because it wanted to prepare its counter arguments in the discussions. Although no money was paid for it, Tetsuo Nayuki, the NRA-official involved, was fired, because he violated the strict NRA regulations that, to ensure transparency, forbid single NRA staff members to meet officials of nuclear power plant operators. On 1 February, Nayuki was transferred to his former post at the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.[22]

On Friday, 8 March 2013, Japan Atomic Power Co. presented its latest analysis based on its ongoing geological investigation at the plant to the NRA-panel. According to JAPCO, the D-1 was not active and there was no need to refer to K because it did move in earlier times. But although the content of the report could be improved in a way that it would be more comprehensible to the public, the NRA did not expect that the meeting would change earlier conclusions. At the next meeting of the panel, the report was expected to be finalized and submitted to the NRA. After this, the NRA would decide whether the reactors could be reactivated or not. In a statement, JAPCO was "extremely" disappointed that the panel had not taken into account the important data provided by the operator. JAPCO made a "strong request" for another possibility for discussions.[23] On 19 April 2013, the NRA inspection team told JAPC that it would not accept the power company's refutation of the NRA-report, stating the high possibility of an active fault lying under reactor No. 2 reactor, because the arguments of the power company were unclear. Although a 24 April-meeting was planned for another hearing, it was unlikely that the NRA-team would alter its position.[24]

On 15 May 2013, the experts appointed by the Nuclear Regulation Authority presented their final report. They concluded that the No. 2 reactor was located right above an active fault, which could undermine its safety. This made it more likely that this unit might be shut down permanently. The expected costs of this could easily lead to a bankruptcy of its owner.[25]

D1-fault declared seismic active by the NRA

On 22 May 2013 the NRA accepted the conclusions of the panel of experts, that the nr.2 reactor was built on an active fault named D-1. It also asked that Japan Atomic Power should study the impact at the spent fuel pool inside the No. 2 reactor building in case the fault would move. Japan Atomic Power criticized this decision that the approval of the report was "extremely inappropriate" because the course of the discussions was not studied in detail by the NRA, and that the issue would be further discussed when at the end of June the results of the investigations by Japan Atomic Power would be clear.[26] One day earlier experts hired by the operator of the nuclear power plant had asked the NRA to postpone the decision, because they found there were insufficient data to do so.

The expected costs of decommissioning was to bring extra financial troubles for the company. Reactor nr.2 had only been in action about 26 years, instead of the 40 years it was designed for. And while it appeared to be very difficult to restart the other reactors, Japan Atomic Power could not sell any electricity, and survived only on the basic fees it received from its mayor stockholders.[26]

In March 2015 the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) accepted an expert report that concluded the plant is on an active fault.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ JAPC Official Document (Japanese). Report of Electric Generating Plant Environmental Activities for 2010.Page 20.
  2. ↑ Tsuruga Power Station Units 3 and 4 Construction Plan
  3. ↑ Tsuruga 1 seeks life extension
  4. ↑ "EU-APWR passes EUR assessment". World Nuclear News. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Nuclear Power in Japan". World Nuclear Association. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  6. ↑ Kyodo News, "Oldest reactor hits 42", Japan Times, 15 March 2012, p. 2.
  7. ↑ "Three Japanese reactors to be retired". World Nuclear News. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  8. 1 2 "Tsuruga 2 sits on active fault, NRA concludes". World Nuclear News. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  9. ↑ Brittle Power, p. 148.
  10. ↑ Agarwal, S. K. (2003). Nuclear energy: principles, practices, and prospects. APH Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 81-7648-444-X.
  11. ↑ tageszeitung "taz" Im Kühlwasser des AKW Tsuruga II sind erhöhte radioaktive Werte gemessen worden (higher radioactivity measured in cooling water at nuclear power plant Tsuruga II), Retrieved 2 May 2011
  12. ↑ NHK-world (13 December 2011)Fire under control at Tsuruga nuclear plant
  13. ↑ JAIF (13 December 2011)Earthquake report 289
  14. ↑ The Mainichi Daily News (9 November 2011) Residents seek court order not to restart Tsuruga reactors
  15. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (5 March 2012)Fault under Tsuruga nuclear plant could trigger M7.4 quake: research
  16. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (7 March 2012) Quake severity estimate for Tsuruga nuclear plant to be reassessed
  17. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (22 March 2012)Japan Atomic Power overlooks data on fault beneath plant for 7 yrs
  18. ↑ The Japan Times (26 April 2012)Tsuruga plant may sit atop active fault Reactors' fate in limbo after NISA reverses safety assessment
  19. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (14 November 2012) Nuclear regulators set 2nd field survey destination at Tsuruga plant
  20. ↑ The Mainich Shimbun (10 December 2012)Restart of Tsuruga plant appears difficult due to possible active fault
  21. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (29 January 2013)Panel says fault under Tsuruga plant likely active: draft report
  22. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (2 February 2013) Nuclear regulator sacked for leaking information to nuclear operator
  23. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (9 March 2013)NRA not budging on judgment Tsuruga plant sits above active fault
  24. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (20 April 2013)NRA team maintains active fault runs directly beneath Tsuruga nuclear reactor
  25. ↑ The Mainichi Shimbun (16 May 2013) Troubled Tsuruga reactor could force utilities to shoulder enormous financial burdens
  26. 1 2 The Mainichi Shimbun (22 May 2013) Nuclear regulators acknowledge fault below Tsuruga reactor is active
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