Tupolev Tu-124

Tu-124
Aeroflot Tu-124 at Arlanda Airport in 1966
Role Short-range airliner
Manufacturer Tupolev OKB
First flight 29 March 1960
Introduction 2 October 1962
Retired 1980 (Aeroflot), 1990 (Iraqi Airways), 1992 (military service)
Status Retired
Primary users Aeroflot
ČSA
Produced 1960–1965
Number built 164
Developed from Tupolev Tu-104
Variants Tupolev Tu-134

The Tupolev Tu-124 (NATO reporting name: Cookpot) was a 56-passenger short-range twinjet airliner built in the Soviet Union.

Design and development

Developed from the medium-range Tupolev Tu-104, the Tu-124 was meant to meet Aeroflot's requirement for a regional airliner to replace the Ilyushin Il-14 on domestic routes. Resembling a 75% scaled-down Tu-104, the two were hard to tell apart at a distance but it was not a complete copy of the Tu-104. The Tu-124 had a number of refinements, including double-slotted flaps, a large centre-section airbrake and automatic spoilers. Unlike the Tu-104, the wing trailing edge inboard of the undercarriage was unswept.[1]

The Tu-124 retained a drogue parachute to be used in an emergency landing or landing on a slippery surface and had low pressure tires to aid operation from unpaved airfields.[2][3] As on the Tu-104 the engines were integrated into the wings, but the turbofan engines were more fuel efficient. The placement of the engines amplified vibrations, which affected the comfort of the passenger cabin, and also the fatigue lifetime of the wing assembly.

The standard seating of the basic version was 44 seats. The first of two prototype, SSSR-45000 (C/N 0350101) made its first flight from Zhukovsky airfield on 24 March 1960. The second prototype, SSSR-45001 (C/N 0350102), followed in June 1960. Two other airframes served as a static test cells. Testing was successful, and the aircraft entered production at Factory 135 at Kharkov, Ukraine, replacing the Tu-104 in production.[2][4] Deliveries to Aeroflot began in August 1962, with the type operating its first scheduled passenger service, between Moscow and Tallinn in Estonia, on 2 October 1962.[5]

Operational history

Aeroflot was impressed with the flight performance of the Tu-124 and used it on domestic routes from the end of 1962.

Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-124V in 1965

The improved Tu-124V, which could seat 56 passengers instead of the 44 of the original model, and which had increased range and maximum take-off weight, came into service in 1964. An Aeroflot Tu-124V was exhibited at the 1965 Paris Air Show. Despite the aircraft's low purchase price (stated as $1.45 million in 1965) and low operating costs,[6] few were exported, with Československé Státní Aerolinie (ČSA) and the East German airline Interflug being the only airlines other than Aeroflot that bought the Tu-124 new, although ČSA sold its surviving Tu-124s to Iraqi Airways for use on VIP flights in 1973. Interflug used its three Tu-124s as an alternative to the Ilyushin Il-62, when the Il-62s were grounded due to mechanical issues. All three were sold back to the Soviet Union in 1975.

Three airframes were completed in 1966 in a VIP configuration, and designated Tu-124K. However, Aeroflot never placed them into service, and they were purchased by the Indian Air Force.

A number were also sold to military users, including the Soviet Air Force, which used them as navigational trainers, and to the Chinese Air Force.[2][7]

A total of 164 Tu-124s were built.[8] Issues with the safety of the Tu-104 affected the fate of the Tu-124, although the reliability of the Tu-124 was slightly better. Production ended in 1965 and Aeroflot decommissioned its last twelve Tu-124s on 21 January 1980. The Tu-124 continued in operation for some years with the Soviet Air Force and in Iraq, but all aircraft were withdrawn before and at 1990, The ones in Iraq military and Iraqi Airways where destroyed in early 1990s during a war.

Several Tu-124s have been preserved. One is in the museum of Kharkiv State Aircraft Manufacturing Company (formerly the Tu-124 manufacturer Factory 135), another is in China's Datangshan aviation museum in Beijing and a third is at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino outside Moscow. A Tu-124K is on display at New Delhi Airport.

Competition within the COMECON

The German Democratic Republic attempted to compete within the COMECON trading bloc with its own four-engined design called the Baade 152. The design was unsuccessful, leading Interflug to buy a rear-engined development of the Tu-124, the Tupolev Tu-134.

Variants

Tu-124/Tu-124V
The first production variant. International demand was small, as most foreign airlines were waiting to buy the improved Tupolev Tu-134
Tu-124B
Three prototypes with D-20P-125 engines, built in 1963
Tu-124K/Tu-124K2
VIP configuration operated by the militaries of Iraq and the Peoples' Republic of China, and by the Indian Air Force
Tu-124Sh-1
Military version used as navigator trainer
Tu-124Sh-2
Military version used as navigator trainer
Tu-127
Proposed military transport version, not built.

Operators

Tu-124 operators (countries with only military operators in dark red)

Civil operators

ČSA Tu 124
 Czechoslovakia
 East Germany
 Iraq
 Soviet Union

Military operators

 People's Republic of China
 Czechoslovakia
 East Germany
 India
 Iraq
 Soviet Union

Accidents and incidents

A total of fourteen Tu-124s were written off in crashes during the type's operational career; another two aircraft of Iraqi Airways were destroyed on the ground during the Gulf War.[9]

Date Registration/
Tail number		 Location Operator Casualties Description Refs
21 August 1963 SSSR-45021 Leningrad, Soviet Union Aeroflot 0/52 The aircraft ditched in the Neva River in Leningrad after it ran out of fuel. The crew were distracted by problems with the landing gear. All occupants of the aircraft survived the ditching. [10]
8 March 1965 SSSR-45028 Kuibyshev, Soviet Union Aeroflot 30/39 The aircraft, operating as Flight 513, crashed shortly after taking off from Kuibyshev Airport on a flight to Rostov, after the pilots lost control of it at an altitude of 40 to 50 metres (130 to 160 ft). [11]
11 November 1965 SSSR-45086 Murmansk, Soviet Union Aeroflot 32/64 The aircraft, operating as Flight 99, crashed on a frozen lake after the pilot mistook lights on the ground for the runway lights. [12]
7 March 1968 SSSR-45019 Volgograd, Soviet Union Aeroflot 1/49 The aircraft, operating as Flight 3153, crashed on takeoff after the pilot inadvertently activated the spoilers. [13]
29 January 1970 SSSR-45083 Murmansk, Soviet Union Aeroflot 11/38 The aircraft, operating as Flight 145, struck a hillside while on approach, killing five on impact; six others died in the freezing temperatures while waiting for rescue. [14]
18 August 1970 OK-TEB Zurich, Switzerland Czechoslovak State Airlines 0/20 The aircraft, operating as Flight 744, landed on its belly after the pilot, preoccupied with a pressurization problem, failed to hear the command to extend the landing gear. [15]
2 September 1970 SSSR-45012 Near Dnepropetrovsk, Soviet Union Aeroflot 37/37 The aircraft, operating as Flight 3630, was at an altitude of 9,000 metres (30,000 ft) about 40 minutes after take off when the crew lost control of the aircraft and it crashed. The reason for the loss of control is unknown. [16]
20 November 1973 SSSR-45031 Kazan, Soviet Union Aeroflot 0 Overran runway while landing. [17]
16 December 1973 SSSR-45061 Near Moscow, Soviet Union Aeroflot 51/51 The aircraft, operating as Flight 2022, was at an altitude of 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) when it had a short circuit in the elevator trim system, causing a movement of the trim tab that drove the elevators nose-down, which put the aircraft into a dive resulting in a spin. Although the crew were able to pull the aircraft out of the dive and regain control at an altitude of about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), they lost control again due to flight instruments having failed when the aircraft was in the spin and it crashed. [18]
23 December 1973 SSSR-45044 Near Vinniki, Soviet Union Aeroflot 17/17 The aircraft, operating as Flight 5398, had a turbine blade in one of its engines break off; the vibration from the out-of-balance engine caused a fuel pipe to break, which started an uncontrollable in-flight fire. [19]
3 January 1976 SSSR-45037 Moscow, Soviet Union Aeroflot 61/61
(+1)		 The aircraft, operating as Flight 2003, crashed following instrument failure and loss of control. One person on the ground also died when the aircraft struck several houses. [20]
5 November 1977 V643 Near Jorhat, India Indian Air Force 5/10 One of the three Tu-124K VIP variants, named Pushpak Rath (Floral Chariot), crashed in a paddy field near Jorhat Airport, Assam. The Indian Prime Minister at the time, Morarji Desai, was on board and survived, though five crew members died as a result of the crash. [21]
1977 53 red Lugansk Airport,
Soviet Union 		Soviet Air Force 0 Landed on its belly after the pilots forgot to lower the landing gear. [22]
29 August 1979 SSSR-45038 Near Kirsanov, Soviet Union Aeroflot 63/63 The aircraft, operating as Flight 5484, broke apart in mid-air one hour into the flight and crashed due to an inadvertent flap extension. This crash is the worst involving the Tu-124. [23]
February 1991 YI-AEY Baghdad, Iraq Iraqi Airways 0/0 Destroyed by bombs during the Gulf War. [24]
February 1991 YI-AEL Baghdad, Iraq Iraqi Airways 0/0 Destroyed by bombs during the Gulf War. [25]

Specifications (Tu-124V)

Data from Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945[6]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

  1. ↑ "TU-124 – Details of Tupolev's Medium Range Turbofan" Flight International, 16 August 1962, pp.229–230, article includes drawings
  2. 1 2 3 Gunston 1995, p. 433.
  3. ↑ Stroud 1968, pp. 227–229.
  4. ↑ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 134.
  5. ↑ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, pp. 134–135.
  6. 1 2 Stroud 1968, p. 232.
  7. ↑ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, pp. 135–136.
  8. ↑ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 224.
  9. ↑ "List of Tu-124 hull losses". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  10. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-45021 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  11. ↑ Aviation Safety Network CCCP-45028 accident synopsis retrieved 14 September 2011
  12. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-45086 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  13. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-45019 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  14. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-45083 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  15. ↑ Accident description for OK-TEB at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  16. ↑ Accident description for Tupolev 124 [sic], Aeroflot Lithuania Division, registration CCCP [sic]-45012 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-07-29.
  17. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-45031 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  18. ↑ Accident description for Tupolev 124 [sic], Aeroflot Lithuania Division, registration CCCP [sic]-45061 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-07-29.
  19. ↑ Accident description for Tupolev 124 [sic], Aeroflot Moscow Division, registration CCCP [sic]-45044 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-07-29.
  20. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-45037 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  21. ↑ Aviation Safety Network V643 accident synopsis retrieved 14 September 2011
  22. ↑ Aviation Safety Network 53 red accident synopsis retrieved 28 July 2016
  23. ↑ Accident description for CCCP-45038 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  24. ↑ Accident description for YI-AEY at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  25. ↑ Accident description for YI-AEL at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
  26. ↑ Gunston 1995, p. 434.

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