Tyneside
| Tyneside | |
|---|---|
  Tyneside Location of Tyneside in England | |
| Coordinates: 54°59′15″N 1°27′30″W / 54.98750°N 1.45833°WCoordinates: 54°59′15″N 1°27′30″W / 54.98750°N 1.45833°W | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Country | England |
| Region | North East |
| County | Tyne and Wear |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 774,891 |
| Time zone | GMT (UTC) |
| • Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) |
Tyneside is a conurbation in North East England which includes a number of settlements on the banks of the River Tyne. As defined by the Office for National Statistics, the conurbation comprises Newcastle upon Tyne—a city forming the urban core—as well as a number of other towns including Gateshead, Tynemouth, Wallsend, South Shields, and Jarrow. The population of the conurbation was 774,891 according to the 2011 census.
Tyneside is historically part of the counties of Northumberland and County Durham. Today it spans four local authority districts: the City of Newcastle upon Tyne and the Metropolitan Boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside. According to data from 2013 ONS population estimates; the Tyne population, including the four local authority districts, was 832,469.[1]
Tyneside is the 7th largest conurbation in England, and home to over 80 percent of the population of Tyne and Wear. The other two large settlements in Tyne and Wear—Sunderland and Washington—form the separate Wearside conurbation.
Geordies
The people of the Tyneside area, called "Geordies", have a reputation for their distinctive dialect and accent. Tynesiders may have been given this name, a local diminutive of the name "George", because their miners used George Stephenson's safety lamp (invented in 1815 and called a "Georgie lamp") to prevent firedamp explosions, rather than the Davy lamp used elsewhere. An alternative explanation relates that during the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 the Tynesiders declared their allegiance to the Hanoverian kings of Great Britain George I and George II; whereas the rest of the county of Northumberland, to the north, stood loyal to James Francis Edward Stuart.
Note that the term "Geordie" originally referred to miners in County Durham and only later became associated with Newcastle itself.
Coal production
While Newcastle upon Tyne had been an important local centre since Roman times, and was a major local market town from the Middle Ages, the development of Newcastle and Tyneside is owed to coal mining. Coal was first known to be dug in Tyneside from superficial seams in around 1200, but there is some evidence from Bede's writings that it may have been dug as early as 800 AD. Coal was dug from local drift mines and bell pits, and although initially only used locally, it was exported from the port of Newcastle from the mid 14th century onwards. Tyneside had a strategic advantage as far as the coal trade was concerned, because collier brigs could be loaded with coal on the Tyne and could sail down the east coast to London. In fact, the burgesses of Newcastle formed a cartel, and were known as the Hostmen. The Hostmen were able gain a monopoly over all of the coal exported from Tyneside, a monopoly which lasted a considerable time. A well-known group of workers on the river were the keelmen who handled the keels, boats that carried the coal from the riverbanks to the waiting colliers.[2]
Steel and shipbuilding
The valley of the River Derwent, a major tributary of the Tyne that rises in County Durham, saw the development of the steel industry from around 1600 onwards. This was led by German immigrant cutlers and sword-makers, probably from around Solingen, who fled from religious persecution at home and settled in the then village of Shotley Bridge, near Consett.
The combination of coal and steel industries in the area was the catalyst for further major industrial development in the 19th century, including the shipbuilding industry; at its peak, the Tyneside shipyards were one of the largest centres of shipbuilding in the world and built an entire navy for Japan in the first decade of the 20th century. There is still a working shipyard in Wallsend.
Professional rowing on the Tyne
From early in the 19th century, it was a custom to hold boat races on the Tyne. The river had a large number of keelmen and wherrymen, who handled boats as part of their jobs. As on the River Thames, there were competitions to show who was the best oarsman. As a wherryman did not earn very much, professional rowing was seen as a quick way of earning extra money. Regattas were held, and provided modest prizes for professionals, but the big money was made in challenge races, in which scullers or boat crews would challenge each other to a race over a set distance for a side stake. The crews would usually have backers, who would put up the stake money, as they saw the chance of financial gain from the race. In the days before mass attendances at football matches, races on the river were enormously popular, with tens of thousands attending. Betting would go on both before and during a race, the odds changing as the fortunes of the contestants changed. Contestants who became champions of the Tyne would often challenge the corresponding champions of the River Thames, and the race would be arranged to take place on one of the two rivers.
Rivalry between the Tyne and the Thames was very keen, and rowers who upheld the honour of the Tyne became local heroes. Three such oarsmen, who came from humble backgrounds and became household names in the North East, were Harry Clasper, Robert Chambers and James Renforth. Clasper was a champion rower in fours, as well as an innovative boat designer and a successful rowing coach. Chambers and Renforth were oarsmen who excelled at sculling. Both held the World Sculling Championship at different times. The popularity of all three men was such that when they died, many thousands attended their funeral processions, and magnificent funeral monuments were provided by popular subscription in all three cases. At the end of the 19th century professional rowing on the Tyne began a gradual decline and eventually died out altogether leaving the amateur version.[3]
Rapper dancing
Despite its rapid growth in the Industrial Revolution, Tyneside developed one peculiar local custom, the rapper sword dance, which later spread to neighbouring areas of Northumberland and County Durham.
Industrial decline and regeneration
During the 1970s and 1980s, there was major industrial decline in the traditional British heavy industries, and Tyneside was hit hard. High unemployment rates and the national government's resolve to push through with economic transformation led to great social unrest with strikes and occasional rioting in depressed areas.
From the late 1980s onward, an improving national economy and local regeneration helped the area to recover, and although unemployment is still a problem compared with some other areas of Britain, expansion of new industries such as tourism, science and high-technology, has fuelled local development, especially in Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead.
Definition
The ONS 2011 census had 774,891 census respondents inside the "Tyneside Built-up Area" or "Tyneside Urban Area".[4] This was a significant decline on the 2001 return of 879,996[5] this loss was mainly due to fewer people returning the form; Hetton-le-Hole, Houghton-le-Spring, Chester-le-Street and Washington no longer forming part of the built-up area and instead forming part of Wearside. In the 2011 census the area was given the following subdivisions:
Here are the five most important urban subdivisions outside Newcastle Upon Tyne.
| Major Subdivisions | Population (2011 census) | Population (2001 census) |
|---|---|---|
| Gateshead | 120,046 | 78,403 |
| South Shields | 75,337 | 82,854 |
| Tynemouth | 67,519 | 17,056 |
| Wallsend | 43,826 | 42,843 |
| Jarrow | 43,431 | 27,525 |
Gateshead, Jarrow and Tynemouth had boundary changes, this is why they seem to have had such big population increases.
Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Tyneside at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
| Year | Regional gross value added | Agriculture | Industry | Services |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 7,688 | 9 | 2,244 | 5,435 |
| 2000 | 9,930 | 8 | 2,567 | 7,356 |
| 2003 | 11,895 | 9 | 2,865 | 9,021 |
^ 1 components may not sum to totals due to rounding
^ 2 includes hunting and forestry
^ 3 includes energy and construction
^ 4 includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
References
- ↑ "Mid-2012 Population Estimates". Gateshead.gov.uk. August 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
- ↑ Finch, Roger (1973). Coals From Newcastle. The Lavenham Press Ltd. ISBN 0-900963-39-5.
- ↑ Whitehead, Ian (2002). The Sporting Tyne. ISBN 0-901273-42-2.
- ↑ "2011 Census - Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ↑ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks01-usual-resident-population.xls