Type 2 Ka-Mi

Type 2 Ka-Mi
A Type 2 Ka-Mi being tested by Australian soldiers in 1945
Place of origin	Empire of Japan
Production history
Designed	1941
Number built	182 to 184
Specifications
Weight	12.5 tons (9.15 tons without flotation pontoons)
Length	7.42 meters (4.80 meters without flotation pontoons)
Width	2.8 meters
Height	2.34 meters
Crew	5
Armor	6–12 mm front
Main armament	Type 1 37 mm gun
Secondary armament	2 × Type 97 7.7 mm machine guns
Engine	Mitsubishi A6120VDe air-cooled inline 6-cylinder diesel 115 hp (84.6 kW)
Suspension	Bell crank
Operational range	170 km (land); 140 km (water)
Speed	37 km/h (land); 10 km/h (water)

The Special Type 2 Launch　Ka-Mi (特二式内火艇　カミ Toku-ni-shiki uchibitei kami) was the Imperial Japanese Navy's first amphibious tank. The Type 2 Ka-Mi was based on the Imperial Japanese Army's Type 95 Ha-Go light tank with major modifications.

History and development

Type 2 Ka-Mi tanks on Saipan

As early as 1928, the Japanese Army had been developing and testing amphibious tanks and created several experimental models such as the SR-II, the Type 1 Mi-Sha and the Type 92 A-I-Go which either never made it off the drawing board or were produced only as one-off prototypes for concept testing. In 1940, The Navy took over development of amphibious vehicles and two years later came up with the Type 2 Ka-Mi. The Type 2 Ka-Mi was designed for the Navy's Special Naval Landing Forces for the amphibious invasion of Pacific Islands without adequate port facilities, and for various special operations missions.^[1] The Type 2 Ka-Mi tanks were organized into "several amphibious tank units".^[2] Only 182 to 184 units of the Type 2 Ka-Mi were built, beginning in 1942.^[3][4]

Design

The Type 2 Ka-Mi was based on the army's Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, but with an all-welded hull with rubber seals in place of the riveted armor. It was intended to be water-tight. Large, hollow pontoons made from steel plates were attached to the front glacis plate and rear decking to give the necessary buoyancy.^[5] The front pontoon was internally divided into two "symmetrical sections" and each one was divided into three separate watertight compartments to minimize the effects of damage from flooding and shellfire.^[6] The pontoons were attached by a system of "small clips" with a release inside the tank, to be engaged once it landed for ground combat operations.^[7]

The Type 2 Ka-Mi's gun turret with a high-velocity Type 1 37 mm gun and a coaxial Type 97 light machine gun. A second Type 97 light machine gun was located in the tank's bow.^[8]

The Type 2 Ka-Mi was capable of attaining speeds of 10 km/h in the water with a range of 140 km through two propellers situated at the rear of the hull, powered by the tank's engine.^[9] Steering was in the control of the tank commander, who operated a pair of rudders from the turret through cables. The crew included an onboard mechanic.^[10] It was the "best designed amphibious tank of the war".^[7]

Combat Record

Type 2 Ka-Mi tanks without their flotation devices fitted

The Type 2 Ka-Mi came into active service after the initial campaigns of World War II, and was thus too late to be used in its original design mission of amphibious landings. Many units were assigned to naval garrison detachments in the South Pacific Mandate and in the Netherlands East Indies.

The Type 2 Ka-Mi was first used in combat on Guadalcanal in late 1942. Later they were encountered by the United States Marine Corps in the Marshall Islands and Mariana Islands, particularly on Saipan, where they supported the Yokosuka Base Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF) in its failed amphibious operation.^[11] They were also used during the fighting on the Philippine island of Leyte in late 1944 when they supported the 101st SNLF at Ormoc Gulf.^[12] According to Ralph Zumbro in his book "Tank Aces", several Ka-Mi were destroyed by US Army LVT-1s off the coast of Leyte during history's only amphibious tank vs. amphibious tank action; this is doubtful however, as most Ka-Mi tanks were destroyed after they came ashore.^[13] A handful more were captured by US Army troops on Luzon in 1945, as well as several others captured by Australian and Commonwealth troops.^[7]

Surviving Vehicles

The Kubinka Tank Museum in Moscow, Russia has a Type 2 Ka-Mi on display, complete with its front and rear pontoons. A near complete hull is located near the airport in Babeldaob, Palau. Another specimen is located in Koror, Palau. The latter is notable in that there is still a heavy anti aircraft machine gun mounted on the rear pontoon. These two tanks were once located in the center of Babeldaop Island in the late 1980s. They had actually been buried by the Japanese either to keep them out of American hands after their surrender, or as defensive fortifications. After the war they were unearthed by locals They were subsequently moved, one to the Old Communications center south of the airport, and one to Koror as part of war memorial displays.

See also

• DD tank - World War II British tank flotation system
• T-38 - World War II, Soviet amphibious tank

Notes

1. Zaloga 2007, pp. 23, 27.
2. Rottman & Takizawa 2008, p. 15.
3. Zaloga 2007, p. 17.
4. Taki's IJA: Type 2 Amphibious Vehicle "Ka-Mi"
5. Tomczyk 2003, p. 6.
6. Tomczyk 2003, pp. 6, 7.
7. Zaloga 2007, p. 23.
8. Taki's IJA: Type 2 Amphibious Vehicle "Ka-Mi"
9. Tomczyk 2003, pp. 7, 32.
10. Tomczyk 2003, p. 22.
11. Tomczyk 2003, pp. 29, 30.
12. Tomczyk 2003, p. 30.
13. Rottman & Takizawa 2008, pp. 14, 15.

References

• Foss, Christopher (2003). Great Book of Tanks: The World's Most Important Tanks from World War I to the Present Day. Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-1475-6.
• Rottman, Gordon L.; Takizawa, Akira (2008). World War II Japanese Tank Tactics. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1846032349.
• Tomczyk, Andrzej (2003). Japanese Armor Vol. 3. AJ Press. ISBN 978-8372371287.
• Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-8460-3091-8.
• Zumbro, Ralph (1997), Tank Aces, Pocket Books/Simon&Schuster, ISBN 0-671-53612-5

External links

• Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page
• WWII vehicles
• WWII Drawings
• Kubinka Tank Museum