Vector (epidemiology)

A mosquito shortly after obtaining blood from a human (note the droplet of blood being expelled as a surplus). Mosquitos are a vector for several diseases, most notably malaria.

In epidemiology, a vector is any agent (animal, or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.[1][2][3]

Arthropods

The deer tick, a vector for Lyme disease pathogens.

Arthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens. Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives. When the insects blood feed, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host. This can happen in different ways.[4][5]

The Anopheles mosquito, a vector for malaria, filariasis, and various arthropod-borne-viruses (arboviruses), inserts its delicate mouthpart under the skin and feeds on its host's blood. The parasites the mosquito carries are usually located in its salivary glands (used by mosquitoes to anaesthetise the host). Therefore, the parasites are transmitted directly into the host's blood stream. Pool feeders such as the sand fly and black fly, vectors for pathogens causingleishmaniasis and onchocerciasis respectively, will chew a well in the host's skin, forming a small pool of blood from which they feed. Leishmania parasites then infect the host through the saliva of the sand fly. Onchocerca force their own way out of the insect's head into the pool of blood.

Triatomine bugs are responsible for the transmission of a trypanosome, Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas Disease. The Triatomine bugs defecate during feeding and the excrement contains the parasites which are accidentally smeared into the open wound by the host responding to pain and irritation from the bite.

World Health Organization and vector-borne disease

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that control and prevention of vector-borne diseases are emphasizing "Integrated Vector Management (IVM)",[6] which is an approach that looks at the links between health and environment, optimizing benefits to both.[lower-alpha 1][7]

In April 2014, WHO launched a campaign called “Small bite, big threat” to educate people about vector-borne illnesses. WHO issued reports indicating that vector-borne illnesses affect poor people, especially people living in areas that do not have adequate levels of sanitation, drinking water and housing.[8]

Vector-borne zoonotic disease and human activity

Several articles, recent to early 2014, warn that human activities are spreading vector-borne zoonotic diseases.[lower-alpha 2] Several articles were published in the medical journal The Lancet, and discuss how rapid changes in land use, trade globalization, and "social upheaval" are causing a resurgence in zoonotic disease across the world.[9]

Examples of vector-borne zoonotic diseases include:[10]

Many factors affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases. These factors include animals hosting the disease, vectors, and people.[10]

Figure 1. This figure shows how the Flavivirus is carried by mosquitos in the West Nile Virus and Dengue fever. The mosquito would be considered a disease vector.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "IVM strategies are designed to achieve the greatest disease control benefit in the most cost-effective manner, while minimizing negative impacts on ecosystems (e.g. depletion of biodiversity) and adverse side-effects on public health from the excessive use of chemicals in vector control."[7]
  2. ↑ "Vector-borne zoonotic diseases are those that naturally infect wildlife and are then transmitted to humans through carriers, or vectors, such as mosquitoes or ticks."[9]

References

  1. ↑ "Vector". WordNet Search 3.1. Princeton University. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  2. ↑ Last, James, ed. (2001). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-19-514169-6. OCLC 207797812.
  3. ↑ Roberts, Larry S.; John, Janovy; Gerald D., Schmidt (2008). Foundations of Parasitology. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9. OCLC 226356765.
  4. ↑ http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/General/animpara.htm
  5. ↑ https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/4/734.full.pdf
  6. ↑ "Handbook for Integrated Vector Management" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Vector-borne disease". The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  8. ↑ Parrish, Ryan (7 April 2014). "WHO focuses on vector-borne diseases for World Health Day 2014". Vaccine News Daily. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  9. 1 2 Purlain, Ted (5 December 2012). "Lancet addresses emerging infectious vector-borne diseases". Vaccine News Daily. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  10. 1 2 University of California - Santa Cruz (30 November 2012). "Emerging vector-borne diseases create new public health challenges". Science Daily. Rockville, Maryland. Retrieved 7 April 2014.

Bibliography

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