Violent crime

A violent crime or crime of violence is a crime in which an offender uses or threatens force upon a victim. This entails both crimes in which the violent act is the objective, such as murder, as well as crimes in which violence is the means to an end. Violent crimes may, or may not, be committed with weapons. Depending on the jurisdiction, violent crimes may vary from homicide to harassment. Typically, violent criminals includes aircraft hijackers, bank robbers, muggers, burglars, terrorists, carjackers, rapists, kidnappers, torturers, active shooters, murderers, gangsters, drug cartels, and others.

Violent crime by country

The comparison of violent crime statistics between countries is usually problematic, due to the way different countries classify crime.[1][2][3][4] Valid comparisons require that similar offences between jurisdictions be compared. Often this is not possible, because crime statistics aggregate equivalent offences in such different ways that make it difficult or impossible to obtain a valid comparison. Depending on the jurisdiction, violent crimes may include: homicide, murder, assault, manslaughter, sexual assault, rape, robbery, negligence, endangerment, kidnapping (abduction), extortion, and harassment. Different countries also have different systems of recording and reporting crimes.

Australia

The first annual national survey of crime victimization in Australia, the Crime Victimisation Survey, was conducted in 2008-09.[5] Personal crimes included in the survey are:

In 2009, the Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC), which had no single category for violent crime, was replaced by the Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification (ANZSOC). The ANZSOC also has no single category for violent crime, but the first 6 of its divisions involve offenses committed against a person:

  1. Homicide and related offences;
  2. Acts intended to cause injury;
  3. Sexual assault and related offences;
  4. Dangerous or negligent acts endangering persons;
  5. Abduction, harassment and other offences against the person;
  6. Robbery, extortion and related offences.

Canada

Canada conducts an annual measure of crime incidences called the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR).[6] UCR "Violent Criminal Code" violations include: homicide, attempted murder, sexual assault, assault, robbery, criminal harassment, uttering threats, and other violent violations.[7] Canada also collects information on crime victimization every five years via its General Social Survey on Victimisation (GSS). Among the eight GSS crimes tracked are three violent crimes: sexual assault, robbery, and physical assault.[8]

New Zealand

New Zealand's crime statistics[9][10] has a category for violence that includes homicides, kidnapping, abduction, robbery, assaults, intimidation, threats, and group assembly, while all sexual offences are shown in a separate category from violence.

Europe

Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, England, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Greece and Sweden count minor violence like slapping another person as assault.[1] An example is the case of Ilias Kasidiaris in 2012. Kasidaris, then spokesperson for Greece's far-right Golden Dawn party, slapped a left-wing female opponent in the face during a live televised debate. He was subsequently wanted by Greek prosecutors for assault and faced an arrest warrant.[11]

France does not count minor violence like slapping somebody as assault.[1]

The United Kingdom includes all violence against the person, sexual offences, and robbery as violent crime. Today violent crimes are considered the most heinous whereas historically, according to Simon Dedo, crimes against property were equally important.[12] Rates of violent crime in the UK are recorded by the British Crime Survey. For the 2010/2011 report on crime in England and Wales,[13] the statistics show that violent crime continues a general downward trend observed over the last few decades as shown in the graph. "The 2010/11 BCS showed overall violence was down 47 per cent on the level seen at its peak in 1995; representing nearly two million fewer violent offences per year." In 2010/11, 31 people per 1000 interviewed reported being a victim of violent crime in the 12 preceding months. Regarding murder, "increasing levels of homicide (at around 2% to 3% per year) [have been observed] from the 1960s through to the end of the twentieth century". Recently the murder rate has declined, "a fall of 19 per cent in homicides since 2001/02", as measured by The Homicide Index.

United States

Violent crime in the United States per the Uniform Crime Report (UCR).[14]

There are two main crime databases maintained by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ): the Bureau of Justice Statistics' National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Non-fatal violence is reported in the NCVS, which measures rape and sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault reported by households surveyed by the U.S. Census Bureau.[15] The UCR tracks similar non-fatal violence, plus murder and non-negligent manslaughter recorded by law enforcement.[16]

There are significant methodological and definitional differences between the NCVS and UCR:

Since they use different methodologies and measure overlapping, but not identical, crimes, the data are complementary and not necessarily congruent.[17]:9

Crime rates per 1000 population
NCVS category NCVS 2012[17] UCR 2012[18] UCR category
N/A 0.05 Murder / Non-negligent manslaughter
Rape / Sexual assault 1.3 0.3 Forcible rape
Robbery 2.8 1.1 Robbery
Aggravated assault 3.8 2.4 Aggravated assault
Simple assault 18.2 N/A

In October 2013, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reported that violent crime (rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated and simple assault) rates for U.S. residents aged 12 and older increased in 2012 for the second consecutive year. The overall rate rose from 22.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons in 2011 to 26.1 in 2012. Most of the increase was in simple assaults.[17]:1 From 1993 to 2012, overall violent victimization declined by two-thirds, from a rate of 79.8 per 1,000 to 26.1 per 1,000.[17]:6

In 2011, the UCR violent crime rate had dropped to 386.3 cases per 100,000 persons, compared to 729.6 per 100,000 in 1990.[19]

U.S. homicide data is also available in the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS).

References

  1. 1 2 3 European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics – 2010, fourth edition, p30.
  2. ↑ Segessenmann, Tanya Section 2 - International Comparisons of Recorded Violent Crime Rates for 2000, Research & Evaluation Unit, Ministry of Justice, Wellington, New Zealand. 11 June 2002 Retrieved 23 June 2007.
  3. ↑ "Compiling and Comparing International Crime Statistics". Unodc.org. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  4. ↑ "Crime statistics - Statistics Explained". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  5. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014-02-11). "Crime Victimisation, Australia, 2012-13". abs.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia.
  6. ↑ "Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR)". statcan.gc.ca. Canada.gc.ca. 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  7. ↑ "Crimes, by type of violation, and by province and territory". statcan.gc.ca. Canada.gc.ca. 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  8. ↑ Perreault, Samuel; Brennan, Shannon (2013-05-31). "Criminal victimization in Canada, 2009". statcan.gc.ca. Canada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  9. ↑ "Official New Zealand Police Statistics". Police.govt.nz. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  10. ↑ New Zealand Recorded Crime Tables Archived June 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ Greek far-right Golden Dawn MP wanted for assault. BBC.co.uk. June 7, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  12. ↑ Dedo, Simon (2014-04-24). "When Theft Was Worse Than Murder". Nautilus. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
  13. ↑ Home Office (2011-07-14). "British Crime Survey". Homeoffice.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  14. ↑ "Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics". Ucrdatatool.gov. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  15. ↑ "Bureau of Justice Statistics: National Crime Victimization Survey". bjs.gov. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  16. ↑ "FBI: Violent Crime". fbi.gov. U.S. Department of Justice. 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Truman, Jennifer; Langton, Lynn (October 2013). "Criminal Victimization, 2012" (PDF). bjs.gov. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  18. ↑ "Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1993–2012". fbi.gov. Department of Justice. 2013. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  19. ↑ "Reported violent crime rate in the United States from 1990 to 2012". statista.com. February 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-15. Using FBI data.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crime rates.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/14/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.