Volvopluteus

Volvopluteus
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pluteaceae
Genus: Volvopluteus
Vizzini, Contu & Justo, (2011)
Type species
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
(DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo (2011)
Species

V. asiaticus
V. earlei
V. gloiocephalus
V. michiganensis

Volvopluteus
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Mycological characteristics

gills on hymenium

cap is ovate

or flat
hymenium is free
stipe has a volva

spore print is pink

to pinkish-brown
ecology is saprotrophic

edibility: edible, but unpalatable

or unknown

Volvopluteus is a genus of small to medium-sized or big saprotrophic mushrooms growing worldwide. The genus has been segregated from Volvariella with which it shares some morphological characteristics such as the presence of a volva and a pink to pink-brown spore print.[1] Phylogenetic analyses of DNA data have shown that Volvopluteus is closely related to Pluteus and both genera currently are classified in the family Pluteaceae, while Volvariella is not closely related to either genus[2] and its position in the Agaricales is still uncertain.[1]

Etymology

Volvopluteus literally means "Pluteus with a volva", making reference at the same time to the close relationship between both genera and to the presence of a volva, one of the morphological characteristics that separates them.[1]

Description

Macroscopic characters

Volvopluteus fruit bodies vary from relatively small (cap 25 mm (1.0 in) in diameter) to large (cap 150 mm (5.9 in) in diameter), are pluteoid (i.e. with free lamellae and discontinuous context of cap and stipe[3]) and have a membranous white volva at the base of the stipe. The cap is ovate when young and then expands to convex or flat, it is always viscid to gelatinous when fresh and has white, grey or grey-brown color. The gills are free from the stipe and they start out as white but they soon change to pink and then pinkish-brown as the spores are being produced. The stipe is centrally attached to the cap, more or less cylindrical, white and with a smooth or slightly pruinose surface and it has white membranous volva at the base. The odor and taste are often reported as raphanoid (radish-like) or similar to that of raw potatoes in V. gloiocephalus. The spore print is pink or pinkish-brown.[1]

Microscopic characters

Basidiospores of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
Pileipellis (ixocutis) of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus

The spores of Volvopluteus are relatively large (above 11 µm in length), ellipsoid to oblong, relatively thick-walled and not amyloid or dextrinoid. Basidia are usually 4-spored but 2- and 1-spored versions can sometimes occur. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia might be present or absent, and this character as well as the size and shape of these structures, can be used for morphologically separating the different species of the genus. The pileipellis is an ixocutis composed of parallel hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The stipitipellis is a cutis and can be set with cylindrical caulocystidia. Clamp connections are absent from hyphae in all parts of the fruit body.[1]

Ecology

All species of Volvopluteus are saprotrophs, and grow terrestrially in gardens, grassy fields (in or outside forests) and on accumulations of vegetable matter (compost, wood chips).[1]

Classification

The type species, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, has been traditionally included in the genus Volvariella.[4][5] The first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Agaricales by Moncalvo et al.[2] sampled two species of Volvariella (V. volvacea and V. hypophytis) that were placed in a distant position from Pluteus. The study of Matheny et al. in 2006 [6] included Volvariella gloiocephala that was placed as the sister group of Pluteus. The 2011 study of Justo et al. included a broader sampling of Volvariella species and confirmed that the genus, as traditionally defined, was polyphyletic: (i) the bulk of the genus, including the paddy-straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea, is not closely related to Pluteus and (ii) the group of species around Volvariella gloiocephala forms a separate lineage that constitutes the sister group of Pluteus. The name Volvopluteus was then proposed to accommodate the latter group.[1]

Volvopluteus differs from Volvariella morphologically by the average spore length over 11 µm and the pileipellis composed of relatively thin hyphae embedded in a conspicuous gelatinous matrix. The same characters and the presence of a volva separate Volvopluteus from Pluteus. All three genera are characterized by the pink to pink-brown spore prints and inverse hymenophoral trama.

Distribution

The genus is cosmopolitan and has been reported from all continents except Antarctica.[4]

Edibility

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus is edible although is cited as mediocre or of poor quality.[7] Young specimens of V. gloiocephalus have white gills so it is possible to mistake them for an Amanita and vice versa.

The edibility of other species of the genus is not known.

Species

Phylogenetic relationships among the species Volvopluteus as inferred from ITS data. Based on the results presented by Justo et al.[8]

Four species are currently accepted in the genus:

Other species that probably belong in Volvopluteus based on their morphological characteristics:

All these species are only known from their respective original descriptions, making it very difficult to establish if they represent independent taxa. For this reason they have not been formally reclassified in the genus Volvopluteus.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Justo A; Vizzini A; Minnis AM; Menolli Jr. N; Capelari M; Rodríguez O; Malysheva E; Contu M; Ghignone S; Hibbett DS. (2011). "Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): Taxonomy and character evolution". Fungal Biology. 115 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.012. PMID 21215950.
  2. 1 2 Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK Jr (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793.
  3. ↑ Vellinga EC. (1988). "Glossary". In Bas; et al. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. 1 (1st ed.). Rotterdam, Netherlands: AA Balkema. pp. 54–64. ISBN 90-6191-859-6.
  4. 1 2 Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Koenigstein Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
  5. ↑ Boekout T. (1990). "Volvariella". In Bas; et al. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. 2 (1st ed.). Rotterdam, Netherlands: AA Balkema. pp. 56–64. ISBN 90-6191-971-1.
  6. ↑ Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2006). "Major clades of Agaricales: A multilocus phylogenetic overview". Mycologia. 98 (6): 982–985. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. PMID 17486974.
  7. ↑ Davis M, Sommer R, Menge JA (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America (1st ed.). California: University of California Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-520-27108-1.
  8. ↑ Alfredo Justo; Andrew M. Minnis; Stefano Ghignone; Nelson Menolli Jr.; Marina Capelari; Olivia Rodríguez; Ekaterina Malysheva; Marco Contu; Alfredo Vizzini (2011). "Species recognition in Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales): morphology, geography and phylogeny" (PDF). Mycological Progress. 10 (4): 453–479. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0716-z.
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