Women's Tennis Association

Women's Tennis Association
Sport Professional tennis
Abbreviation WTA
Founded June 1973 (1973-06)
Location St. Petersburg, Florida
President Mickey Lawler
Chairman Steve Simon
Chief Exec Steve Simon
Official website
www.wtatennis.com

The Women's Tennis Association (WTA), founded in 1973 by Billie Jean King, is the principal organizing body of women's professional tennis. It governs the WTA Tour which is the worldwide professional tennis tour for women. Its counterpart organization in the men's professional game is the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).

The Women's Tennis Association was founded in the month of June 1973, but traces its origins to the inaugural Virginia Slims tournament, arranged by Gladys Heldman, and held on 23 September 1970 at the Houston Racquet Club in Houston, Texas. Rosie Casals won this first event. The WTA's corporate headquarters is in St. Petersburg, Florida, with its European headquarters in London and its Asia-Pacific headquarters in Beijing.

History

The Open Era, allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs, began in 1968. The first open tournament was the British Hard Court Championships in Bournemouth. At the first Open Wimbledon the prize fund difference was 2.5:1 in favour of men. Billie Jean King won £750 for taking the title while Rod Laver won £2,000. The total purses of both competitions were £14,800 for men and £5,680 for women. Confusion also reigned as no one knew how many open tournaments there were supposed to be. The tournaments that did not want to provide prize money eventually faded out of the calendar, including the U.S. Eastern Grass Court circuit with stops at Merion Cricket Club and Essex county club.

There were two professional tennis circuits in existence at the start of the Open Era: World Championship Tennis (WCT), which was for men only, and the National Tennis League (NTL). Ann Jones, Rosie Casals, Françoise Dürr, and Billie Jean King joined NTL. King was paid $40,000 a year, Jones was paid $25,000, and Casals and Durr were paid $20,000 each. The group played established tournaments such as the US Open and Wimbledon. But the group also organised their own tournaments, playing in the south of France for two months. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) then Imposed several sanctions on the group: the women were not allowed to play in the Wightman Cup in 1968 and 1969 and the USTLA refused to include Casals and King in their rankings for these years.

By the 1970s the pay differential had increased. King said "Promoters were making more money. Male tennis players were making more money. Everybody was making more money except the women". In 1969, ratios of 5:1 in terms of pay between men and women were common at smaller tournaments. By 1970 these figures had increased to up to 12:1.

In 1970 Margaret Court won the Grand Slam and received only a $15,000 bonus, whereas the men could achieve up to $1 million. The low point in women's pay inequality came before the US Open in 1970. The Pacific Southwest Championships directed by Jack Kramer, had announced a 12:1 ratio in the prize money difference between what males and females would win. The tournament would not take place until after the US Open. Several female players contacted Gladys Heldman, publisher of World Tennis Magazine, and stated that they wanted to boycott the event. While she advised against it, she then created the 1970 Houston Women's Invitation for nine women players.[1]

The original nine women from the Houston event, along with Heldman, then created their own tour, the Virginia Slims Circuit, which would later absorb the ILTF's Women's Grand Prix circuit, and eventually become the WTA Tour. The circuit was composed of 19 tournaments, all based in the United States (one in Puerto Rico),[2] and prize money totalled $309,100.[3]

Formation of the Virginia Slims Circuit resulted in part from changes that tennis was undergoing at the time and from the way prize moneys were distributed. During the first two years of the Open Era a large number of male players began playing professionally, and the tournaments in which they competed, often men's and women's combined events, attracted increased investment. The International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) began dropping several women's competitions from the tournaments it presided over. For example, in 1970, the ILTF sanctioned 15 men-only tournaments, all of which had previously been combined events.[4]

The WTA was founded at a meeting organized by Billie Jean King, a week before the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. This meeting was held at Gloucester Hotel in London. In 1975, the WTA increased its financial stature by signing a television broadcast contract with CBS, the first in the WTA's history. Further financial developments ensued. In 1976, Colgate assumed sponsorship of the circuit from April to November. In 1979, Avon replaced Virginia Slims as the sponsor of the winter circuit, and in its first year offered the largest prize fund for a single tournament, $100,000 for the Avon Championships, in the WTA tennis history.[3] The Colgate Series, renamed the Toyota Series in 1981, included tournaments from the across the world, whereas the Avon sponsored events took place solely in the U.S. The two circuits merged beginning with the 1983 season, when Virginia Slims returned to take full sponsorship rights of the WTA Tour. Every tournament under the administration of the WTA now became part of the Virginia Slims World Championships Series.[2][3]

In 1977, women's tennis was the first professional sport opened to transsexuals. The New York Supreme Court ruled in favor of Renée Richards, a player who underwent male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Eligibility of transsexual players is officially regulated under the current WTA official rulebook.

Growth milestones

The WTA circuit continued to expand during these years. In 1971, King became the first female athlete to surpass $100,000 in earnings for a single year.[2][5] Chris Evert became the first female athlete to win over $1,000,000 in career earnings in 1976. By 1980, over 250 women were playing professionally, and the circuit consisted of 47 global events, offering a total of $7.2 million in prize money. These increased financial opportunities allowed for groundbreaking developments not only in tennis, but across women's sports.

In 1982, Martina Navratilova became the first to win over $1,000,000 in a single year. Navratilova's single year earnings exceeded $2 million in 1984. In 1997, Martina Hingis became the first to earn over $3 million during a single year. In 2003, Kim Clijsters surpassed $4 million in earnings for a single year. In 2006, Venus Williams and the WTA pushed for equal prize money at both the French Open and Wimbledon. Both of these Grand Slam events relented in 2007 and awarded equal money for the first time. This enabled Justine Henin, who won the French Open in 2007, to earn over $5 million that year, becoming the first woman in sports to do this.[6] In 2009, Serena Williams went over the six million mark by earning over $6.5 million in a single year. Then in 2012 both Serena Williams and Victoria Azarenka became first players to exceed $7 million in prize money in a single season. In 2013 Serena Williams went over the twelve million dollar mark winning $12,385,572 in a single year. By virtue of winning the 2014 US Open and the 2014 US Open series, Serena Williams had the largest payday in the history of tennis (men or women) at four million dollars.

Management

American sports entrepreneur Jerry Diamond (1928–1996) served as executive director of the women's association from 1974 to 1985. He was instrumental in negotiating business deals with Avon, Colgate-Palmolive, and Toyota, and worked out the deal that made Virginia Slims the titular sponsor of the WTA tour.[7]

Larry Scott became Chairman and CEO of the WTA on April 16, 2003.[8] While at the WTA, Scott put together the largest sponsorship in the history of women's sports, a six-year, $88-million sponsorship deal with Sony Ericsson.[8][9][10] On March 24, 2009, Scott announced that he was resigning as WTA chief in order to take up a new position as the Commissioner of the Pacific-10 Conference, now the Pac-12 Conference, on July 1, 2009.[9][10][11]

On July 13, 2009, WTA Tour announced the appointment of Stacey Allaster, the Tour's President since 2006, as the new Chairman and CEO of the WTA.She announced her retirement as chief executive of the WTA on September 22, 2015 citing a personal change in priorities.[12] On October 5, Steve Simon, the Tournament Director of the BNP Paribas Open was announced to succeed Stacey as the new WTA Chairman and CEO.[13]

Tournament categories

  1. Grand Slam tournaments (4)
  2. Year-ending championships (WTA Tour Championships)
  3. Premier tournaments:
    1. Premier Mandatory: Four combined tournaments with male professional players, with U.S.$5.4 million in equal prize money for men and women (increased from $4.5 million in 2013). These tournaments are held in Indian Wells, Miami, Madrid, and Beijing.
    2. Premier Five: Five $2 million events in Doha/Dubai, Rome, Montreal/Toronto, Cincinnati, and Wuhan.
    3. Premier: Twelve events with prize money from U.S.$710,000 to U.S.$2 million.
  4. International tournaments: There are 32 tournaments, with prize money for all except four events at U.S.$250,000. The exceptions are the Shenzhen Open, the Monterrey Open and the Korea Open, each with prize money of U.S.$500,000, and the year-ending Garanti Koza Tournament of Champions in Sofia, which has prize money of U.S.$750,000.
  5. WTA 125k Series (since 2012): There are seven tournaments (two in China, one in Chinese Taipei, one in France, one in Thailand, one in Israel and one in United States), with prize money for every event at U.S.$125,000.

Ranking points are also available at tournaments on the ITF Women's Circuit organised by the International Tennis Federation, which comprises several hundred tournaments each year with prize funds ranging from U.S. $10,000 to U.S. $100,000, and at the Olympic Games.

Players’ Council

The Players' Council is a group or sub-committee under the WTA board of directors, consisting of 8 selected players on the tour that advocate player interest, handles grievances, changes in the tennis schedule and other concerns.

2016 Players’ Council[14]

Ranking method

The WTA rankings are based on a rolling 52-week, cumulative system. A player's ranking is determined by her results at a maximum of 16 tournaments for singles and 11 for doubles and points are awarded based on how far a player advances in a tournament. The basis for calculating a player's ranking are those tournaments that yield the highest ranking points during the rolling 52-week period with the condition that they must include points from the Grand Slams, Premier Mandatory tournaments and the WTA Championships. In addition, for Top 20 players, their best two results at Premier 5 tournaments will also count.[15]

The points distribution for tournaments in 2014 is shown below. Points earned in 2013 were a little different in some cases and retain their value until they expire after 52 weeks.

CategoryWFSFQFR16R32R64R128QQ3Q2Q1
Grand Slam (S)2000130078043024013070104030202
Grand Slam (D)2000130078043024013010–40–––
WTA Championships (S/D)+810+360(230 for each round robin win, 70 for each loss)
WTA Premier Mandatory (96S)100065039021512065351030–202
WTA Premier Mandatory (64/60S)10006503902151206510–30–202
WTA Premier Mandatory (28/32D)100065039021512010––––––
WTA Premier 5 (56S,64Q)900585350190105601–3022151
WTA Premier 5 (56S,48/32Q)900585350190105601–30–201
WTA Premier 5 (28D)9005853501901051––––––
WTA Premier 5 (16D)9005853501901–––––––
WTA Premier (56S)47030518510055301–25–131
WTA Premier (32S)470305185100551––2518131
WTA Premier (16D)4703051851001–––––––
Tournament of Champions+195+75(60 for each round robin win, 25 for each loss)
WTA International (32S,32Q)28018011060301––1814101
WTA International (32S,16Q)28018011060301––18–121
WTA International (16D)280180110601–––––––
WTA 125K series (S) 160 95 57 29 15 1 - - 6 - 4 1
WTA 125K series (D) 160 95 57 29 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $100,000 + H(32) 150 90 55 28 14 1 - - 6 4 1 -
ITF $100,000 + H(16) 150 90 55 28 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $100,000 (32) 140 85 50 25 13 1 - - 6 4 1 -
ITF $100,000 (16) 140 85 50 25 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $75,000 + H(32) 130 80 48 24 12 1 - - 5 3 1 -
ITF $75,000 + H(16) 130 80 48 24 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $75,000 (32) 115 70 42 21 10 1 - - 5 3 1 -
ITF $75,000 (16) 115 70 42 21 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $50,000 + H(32) 100 60 36 18 9 1 - - 5 3 1 -
ITF $50,000 + H(16) 100 60 36 18 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $50,000 (32) 80 48 29 15 8 1 - - 5 3 1 -
ITF $50,000 (16) 80 48 29 15 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $25,000 (32) 50 30 18 9 5 1 - - 2 - - -
ITF $25,000 (16) 50 30 18 9 1 - - - - - - -
ITF $15,000 (32) 25 15 9 5 1 0 - - 1 - - -
ITF $15,000 (16) 25 15 9 5 0 - - - - - - -
ITF $10,000 (32) 12 7 4 2 1 0 - - - - - -
ITF $10,000 (16) 12 7 4 2 0 - - - - - - -

"+H" indicates that Hospitality is provided.

WTA Rankings

Main article: WTA Rankings

These lists are based on the WTA Rankings.[16][17]

WTA Rankings (Singles), as of 7 November 2016[18]
# Player Points Prev Move†
1  Angelique Kerber (GER) 9,080 1 Steady
2  Serena Williams (USA) 7,050 2 Steady
3  Agnieszka Radwańska (POL) 5,600 3 Steady
4  Simona Halep (ROU) 5,228 4 Steady
5  Dominika Cibulková (SVK) 4,875 5 Steady
6  Karolína Plíšková (CZE) 4,600 6 Steady
7  Garbiñe Muguruza (ESP) 4,236 7 Steady
8  Madison Keys (USA) 4,137 8 Steady
9  Svetlana Kuznetsova (RUS) 4,115 9 Steady
10  Johanna Konta (GBR) 3,640 10 Steady
11  Petra Kvitová (CZE) 3,485 13 Increase 2
12  Carla Suárez Navarro (ESP) 3,070 11 Decrease 1
13  Victoria Azarenka (BLR) 3,061 12 Decrease 1
14  Elina Svitolina (UKR) 2,895 14 Steady
15  Timea Bacsinszky (SUI) 2,347 18 Increase 3
16  Elena Vesnina (RUS) 2,252 19 Increase 3
17  Venus Williams (USA) 2,240 15 Decrease 2
18  Roberta Vinci (ITA) 2,190 17 Decrease 1
19  Caroline Wozniacki (DEN) 2,185 16 Decrease 3
20  Barbora Strýcová (CZE) 2,170 21 Increase 1

†Change since previous rankings
WTA Rankings (Doubles), as of 24 October 2016[19]
# Player Points Prev Move‡
1  Sania Mirza (IND) 7,815 1 Steady
2  Caroline Garcia (FRA) 7,360 4 Increase 2
 Kristina Mladenovic (FRA) 3 Increase 1
4  Martina Hingis (SUI) 7,300 2 Decrease 2
5  Bethanie Mattek-Sands (USA) 6,735 5 Steady
6  Lucie Šafářová (CZE) 5,422 6 Steady
7  Elena Vesnina (RUS) 5,315 7 Steady
8  Ekaterina Makarova (RUS) 4,721 8 Steady
9  Andrea Hlaváčková (CZE) 4,300 11 Increase 2
10  Lucie Hradecká (CZE) 4,140 14 Increase 4
11  Chan Hao-ching (TPE) 4,115 9 Decrease 2
 Chan Yung-jan (TPE)
13  Yaroslava Shvedova (KAZ) 4,075 13 Steady
14  Karolína Plíšková (CZE) 4,040 15 Increase 1
15  Timea Babos (HUN) 3,980 12 Decrease 3
16  Barbora Strýcová (CZE) 3,965 16 Steady
17  Julia Görges (GER) 3,840 17 Steady
18  Coco Vandeweghe (USA) 3,226 19 Increase 1
19  Monica Niculescu (ROU) 3,225 18 Decrease 1
20  Xu Yifan (CHN) 2,760 22 Increase 2

‡Change since previous week's rankings

Global Advisory Council members

The Global Advisory Council of international business leaders has sixteen members as of September 2013.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ King, Billie Jean; Starr, Cynthia (1988). We Have Come a Long Way : The Story of Women's Tennis. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 123–127. ISBN 9780070346253.
  2. 1 2 3 "WTA Tour history" (PDF). Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  3. 1 2 3 "The Tour Story". Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Archived from the original on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  4. ↑ Joanne Lannin. "Fighting for Equality". Billie Jean King: Tennis Trailblazer. Lerner Publications. p. 57. ISBN 0-8225-4959-X. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  5. ↑ "Billie Jean King: Founder, Leader, Legend". Women's Sports Foundation. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  6. ↑ "Davenport Tops All-Time Prize Money List". Women's Tennis Association (WTA). 2007-01-14. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  7. ↑ The New York Times
  8. 1 2 "Management Bios: Larry Scott – Chairman & CEO". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
  9. 1 2 Dufresne, Chris (2009-03-25). "Larry Scott to head Pac-10 Conference". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
  10. 1 2 Condotta, Bob (2009-03-24). "Larry Scott named Pac-10 commissioner". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
  11. ↑ "Scott leaves WTA role to be Pac-10 commish". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
  12. ↑ "Home Pro Game News Stacey Allaster leaving as WTA's chief executive". Tennis.com. September 22, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Indian Wells executive Steve Simon to take over as WTA CEO". ESPN. 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  14. ↑ "2015 WTA Media Guide" (PDF). Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  15. ↑ "WTA – All About Rankings". WTA.
  16. ↑ "Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Rankings:Singles". Women's Tennis Association.
  17. ↑ "Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Rankings:Doubles". Women's Tennis Association.
  18. ↑ "WTA Rankings (singles)" (PDF). wtatennis.com. WTA Tour, Inc.
  19. ↑ "WTA Rankings (doubles)". wtatennis.com. WTA Tour, Inc.
  20. ↑ "Global Advisory Council". WTA (wtatennis.com).
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