Vilna Governorate

Vilna Governorate Виленская губерния (Russian) Vilenskaya guberniya  (Lithuanian) Gubernia wileńska  (Polish)
Governorate of the Russian Empire
← 1795–1915 →
Coat of arms
Vilna Governorate (light green), 1843–1915, with modern Lithuania outlined
Capital		Vilna
History
•	Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	1795
•	World War I	1915

Vilna Governorate (light green), 1795–97, again with modern Lithuania outlined

Vilna Governorate in 1897

Coat of arms of Vilna Governorate used since 1845

The Vilna Governorate (1795–1915; also known as Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate from 1801 until 1840; Russian: Виленская губерния, Vilenskaya guberniya, Lithuanian: Vilniaus gubernija, Polish: gubernia wileńska) or Government of Vilnius was a governorate (guberniya) of the Russian Empire created after the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. It was part of the Lithuanian General Governorate, which was called the Vilnius General Governorate after 1830, and was attached to the Northwestern Krai. The seat was in Vilnius (Vilna in Russian), where the Governors General resided.

History

The first governorates, Vilnius Governorate (consisting of eleven uyezds or districts) and Slonim Governorate, were established after the third partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Just a year later, on December 12, 1796, by order of Tsar Paul I they were merged into one governorate, called the Lithuanian Governorate, with its capital in Vilnius.^[1] By order of Tsar Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Lithuanian Governorate was split into the Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate and the Lithuania-Grodno Governorate. After 39 years, the word "Lithuania" was dropped from the two names by Nicholas I.^[2] In 1843, another administrative reform took place, creating the Kaunas Governorate (Kovno in Russian) out of seven western districts of the Vilnius Governorate, including all of Žemaitija. The Vilnius Governorate received three additional districts: Vileyka and Dzisna from the Minsk Governorate and Lida from Grodno Governorate.^[3] It was divided to districts of Vilnius, Trakai, Disna, Oshmyany, Lida, Vileyka and Sventiany. This arrangement remained unchanged until World War I. A part of the Vilnius Governorate was then included in the Lithuania District of Ober-Ost, formed by the occupying German Empire.

During the Polish-Soviet War, the area was annexed by Poland. The Council of Ambassadors and the international community (with the exception of Lithuania) recognized Polish sovereignty over Vilnus region in 1923.^[4] In 1923, the Wilno Voivodeship was created, which existed until 1939, when the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania and Poland and returned most of the Polish-annexed land to Lithuania.

Demographics

In 1834, the Vilnius Governorate had about 789,000 inhabitants; by 1897, the population had grown to about 1,591,000 residents^[5] (37 per square kilometer) The population was 56.1 percent Belarusian, 17.6 percent Lithuanian, 12.7 percent ethnic Jewish and 8.2 percent Polish.^[6] Between 1944 and 1946, about 150,000 people, mostly but not all of Polish extraction, left the area for Poland (about 10 percent of this group may have been Lithuanians hoping to escape Soviet rule). Between 1955 and 1959, another 46,000 Poles left Lithuania (see the Ethnic history of the Vilnius region). Meanwhile, the Jewish population of the area, just as in the rest of Lithuania, was virtually exterminated by the Nazis during World War II. As of 2001, ethnic Lithuanians once again predominated within the city of Vilnius (59 percent), but the area of the former governorate as a whole remained about 62 percent Polish, with the percentage of Russians (8.6) and Belarusians (4.4) having dwindled to a tiny minority.

Subdivisions

Uyezds in 1795	Uyezds in 1843
Ashmiany
Braslaw (since 1835 Novoaleksandrovsk (Zarasai))	To Kovno Governorate
From Minsk Governorate	Dzisna
Kovno (Kaunas)	To Kovno Governorate
From Grodno Governorate	Lida
Raseiniai	To Kovno Governorate
Šiauliai	To Kovno Governorate
Švenčionys
Telšiai	To Kovno Governorate
Trakai
Ukmergė	To Kovno Governorate
Upytė (since 1843 Panevėžys)	To Kovno Governorate
From Minsk Governorate	Vileyka
Vilna (Vilnius)

Governors General residing in Vilnius

• Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin (1794–1797)
• Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1799–1801)
• Levin August, Count von Bennigsen (1801–1806)
• Alexander Michailovič Rimsky-Korsakov (1806–1830)
• Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov-Vilensky (1863–1865)
• Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman (1865–1866)
• Aleksandr Potapov (1868–1874)
• Eduard Totleben (1880–1884)
• Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirskii (1902–1904)

Ethnic composition

Russian authorities periodically performed censuses. However, they reported strikingly different numbers:^[7]

Year	Total	Lithuanians		Poles		Belarusians		Russians		Jews		Other
1862	838,464	418,880	50%	154,386	18%	146,431	17%	14,950	2%	76,802	9%	27,035	3%
1865	891,715	210,273	24%	154,386	17%	418,289	47%	27,845	3%	76,802	9%	4,120	0%
1883	1,192,000	417,200	35%	281,312	24%	239,592	20%		-	176,416	15%	77,480	7%
1897	1,561,713	274,414	18%	126,770	8%	880,940	56%	75,803	5%	197,929	13%	5,857	0%
1909	1,550,057	231,848	15%	188,931	12%	570,351	37%	408,817	26%	146,066	9%	4,094	0%

See also

• Ethnic history of the Vilnius region
• History of Vilnius
• Poland’s Wilno Voivodeship
• Byelorussia’s Vileyka Voblast

References

1. Kulakauskas, Antanas (2002). "Administracinės reformos". Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986-9216-9-4. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
2. "Литовская губерния". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1890–1906.
3. Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Administration". Encyclopedia Lituanica. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 17–21. LCC 74-114275.
4. Jan Tomasz Gross. Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton University Press. 2002. p. 3.
5. Vaitiekūnas, Stasys (2006). Lietuvos gyventojai: Per du tūkstantmečius (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 79, 92. ISBN 5-420-01585-4.
6. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, Vol. 20, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 655-656.
7. Nikolajew, Christina Juditha (2005). Zum Zusammenhang zwischen nationaler Identitätsbildung und Katholischer Kirche in Litauen (PDF) (in German). Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. p. 16.

Coordinates: 54°41′00″N 25°17′00″E / 54.6833°N 25.2833°E