Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat

Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Suborder: Microchiroptera
Family: Emballonuridae
Genus: Saccolaimus
Species: S. flaviventris
Binomial name
Saccolaimus flaviventris
Peters, 1867
Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat range

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat[1] (Saccolaimus flaviventris), also known as the yellow-bellied sheathtail or yellow-bellied pouched bat, is a microbat species of the family Emballonuridae that is found extensively in Australia and less commonly in parts of Papua New Guinea.[2][3]

Although found throughout most parts of Australia, very little is known about its ecology due to the small size, nocturnal activity and general elusiveness of most microbat species making them difficult to study.[4][5][6] They are sometimes mistaken for the endangered and less widely distributed bare-rumped sheathtail bat where the two species occur sympatrically, as well as other similar Emballonuridae species, but upon inspection are quite distinct and easily identified [4][7][8]

At present, the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is the only member of Microchiroptera that has been positively identified as a carrier of Australian bat lyssavirus.[9]

Taxonomy & description

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat belongs to the suborder Microchiroptera, or insectivorous microbats, and is the largest Australian member of the family Emballonuridae.[4] Emballonuridae is distinguished by a partially membrane enclosed tail that projects into a sheath, hence the descriptive term ‘sheathtail’, and is represented by eight known Australian species.[3] Within Australia, the family is divided into two genera: Taphozous and Saccolaimus, the latter of which the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is one of only four known representatives world-wide.[10]

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is quite large with a mean body weight of 44 grams that ranges from 27.8-60g, and a mean head-body length of 81.8 millimetres that ranges from 72.3-91.9mm.[3][6] It has distinct fur colouration, with the dorsal back being a shiny, jet black and the ventral underside a contrasting creamy, white.[3][4] Males of the species have a distinctive gular throat pouch that is believed to play a role in territorial marking.[4][11][12] The throat pouch is absent in females, who instead have naked folds of skin around the throat.[11] Unlike many other sheathtails, this species does not have a wing pouch in either sex.[3]

Other distinguishing features of the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat are a flattened head and sharply pointed muzzle,[13] a mean forearm length of 74–77 mm,[3][4] and a mean outer canine width of 6.4 mm.[3]

Distribution & habitat

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat appears to be wide-ranging, occurring across most parts of eastern and northern Australia,[14] though in what densities remains uncertain due to the difficulties associated with capture and detection of the species.[5][6] Much of the distribution understanding of this species has developed as a result of incidental sightings,[15][16] such as one record from central western Queensland that was taken from a mummified bat found on a barbed-wire fence.[17] Though most common throughout the tropical regions of its range,[3] yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are known to occur regularly in semi-arid environments including the Mallee region of north-western Victoria,[15] Gundabooka National Park in north-western New South Wales,[16] and central-western Queensland.[17] It is likely that this species migrates into its southerly range during summer, with seasonal records placing bats in most parts of Victoria, south-western New South Wales, and the adjacent regions of South Australia.[13] Though less common, two specimens of yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats have been found in Papua New Guinea, one in the National Capital District and the other in Central Province.[2][6]

This species occupies most wooded habitats, including both wet and dry sclerophyll forest, Mallee and Acacia shrubland, desert, and open woodland.[3][5] They are a hollow-roosting species, and so tend to be found within proximity to adequate old growth trees.[18]

Ecology

Roosting habits

Few studies have been carried out to determine the specific roosting habits of this species.[4] Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are a cavity-roosting species and are generally reliant on old growth tree hollows.[18] However, they have been known to opportunistically utilise abandoned animal burrows, human structures, and under dry clay and rock, though generally only solitary bats have been observed to do this.[3][13]

It has been suggested that yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are mostly solitary, occasionally nesting in small mixed-sex colonies of 2-10 individuals.[3][6] A notable exception to this observation is the Brightview colony, found in south-east Queensland in 1996. The colony was discovered by accident during the felling of an old tree, and consisted on 29 individuals – the largest colony of yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats recorded.[4]

Seasonality

Though there have been no confirmatory studies carried out, it appears that yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats may be migratory based on local records that show the species occurring only at specific times of year.[5][6] Though specific seasonal movements are unknown, observations have suggested migratory movements to the cooler southern Australian ranges during the summer months.[3][13] The possibility of seasonal migration is supported by studies of long, narrow wing shape in the species that appear suited to migration[4] and the seasonal appearance of apparently exhausted bats in Victoria and South Australia.[3][4]

Diet & foraging

Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are canopy feeders, meaning that they are capable of fast flight, but inefficient at rapid maneuvering. They generally feed at heights of 20-25m, unless feeding in open spaces or at forest edges, where they forage lower.[3][4][13] Studies of stomach contents have found Orthoptera (grasshopper), Coleoptera (beetle), and Hemiptera (true bug) species, with beetles making up the bulk of the diet.[19][20]

Reproduction

Studies have shown that breeding receptivity in the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat begins in August when the right uterine horn increases in diameter, achieving maximum size in November.[11] A single offspring is produced between December and March, with mammary glands regressing by the end of May.[4][11]

Flight

Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats have a distinctive flight behaviour characterised by a fast, straight-line flight path with slow wing beats.[5] This distinctive flight pattern combined with the light coloured fur of the ventral underside make the species easy to identify in flight.[4] The long, narrow wing shape and large body mass of the species allow for rapid flight with low maneuverability, making it best suited to canopy level and open-space flight.[4][5]

Physiology

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is a nocturnal species that appears to be most active at least one hour after dark, but only maintains this activity briefly for a few hours.[4] Many Emballonuridae species have been shown to conserve energy through prolonged states of torpor.[21]

Behaviour & communication

Like all microbats, the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat communicates using echolocation, with only some sounds audible to the range of human hearing. Observational recordings have shown specific sequences of sounds to be associated with different behaviours, such as foraging, prey acquisition, and territoriality.[4] This species has been observed engaging in intraspecific aerial displays of aggression.[3][4]

Conservation

Though infrequently encountered, the conservation status of the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is categorised as of Least Concern. This is because the species is both widespread and versatile in its habitat selection, and thus considered unlikely to decline rapidly.[22] Conservation status at the State level is more cautious, most likely due to insufficient population data. In NSW, the species is listed as vulnerable under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995,[13] in South Australia as rare under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972,[23] and in Victoria as threatened under the provisions of Part 3 of the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.[24]

The main threats to conservation of the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat are habitat loss, particularly of old growth trees; disturbance to roosting sites; and prey depletion or secondary poisoning as a result of pesticides and herbicides.[13][14]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Van Dyke, S. and Strahan, R. (eds.) (2008) The Mammals of Australia, 3rd Edition, New Holland / Queensland Museum, Brisbane ISBN 978-1-877069-25-3
  2. 1 2 Flannery, T. F. 1995. The Mammals of New Guinea, 2nd edition. Reed Books, Sydney, Australia.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Churchill, Sue. 2008. Australian bats, 2nd ed. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rhodes, M. P., and Hall, L. S. 1997. Observations on Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats Saccoliamus flaviventris (Peters, 1867)(Chiroptera: Emballonuridae). Australian Zoologist 30:351-357.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reardon, T. B., and Flavel, S. C. 1987. A guide to the bats of South Australia. South Australian Museum.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Richards, G. C. 2008. Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat, Saccolaimus flaviventris. In: S. Van Dyck and R. Strahan (eds), The mammals of Australia. Third Edition, pp. 472-473. Reed New Holland, Sydney, Australia.
  7. ↑ Schulz, M. and Thomson, B. 2007. National recovery plan for the bare-rumped sheathtail bat Saccolaimus saccolaimus nudicluniatus . Report to Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Canberra. Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Brisbane.
  8. ↑ Milne, D. J., Jackling,F. C., Sidhu, M., and Appleto B. R. 2009. Shedding new light on old species identifications: morphological and genetic evidence suggest a need for conservation status review of the critically endangered bat, Saccolaimus saccolaimus. Wildlife research 36:496-508.
  9. ↑ Barrett, J. L. 2004. Australian Bat Lyssavirus. PhD Thesis, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland.
  10. ↑ Troughton, E. Le G. 1925. A revision of the genera Taphozous and Saccolaimus (Chiroptera) in Australia and New Guinea, including a new species, and a note on two Malayan forms. Records of the Australian Museum 14:313-341
  11. 1 2 3 4 Chimimba, C.T. and Kitchener, D.J. 1987. Breeding in the Australian yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat, Saccolaimus flaviventris (Peters, 1867) (Chiroptera Emballonuridae). Records – Western Australian Museum 13:241-248.
  12. ↑ Hall, L. S. and Gordon. G. 1982. The throat-pouch of the yellow-bellied bat, Taphozous flaviventris. Mammalia 46:247-252
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat – profile, Office of Environment and Heritage, accessed 7 October 2014
  14. 1 2 Dickman, C. R., Pressey, R. L., Lim, L., and Parnaby, H. E. 1993. Mammals of particular conservation concern in the Western Division of New South Wales. Biological Conservation 65:219-248.
  15. 1 2 Lumsden, I. F. and Bennet, A. F. 1995. Bats of a semi-arid environment in south-eastern Australia: biogeography, ecology and conservation. Wildlife Research 22:217-239.
  16. 1 2 Pennay, M. n.d. Ecological study of the endangered bristle-nosed bat (Mormopterus ‘species 6’) and survey of Microchiropteran bats in Gundabooka National Park - Report for NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service Upper Darling Region. NSW Department of Environment & Conservation.
  17. 1 2 Young, R. A. and Ford, G. I. 2000. Bat fauna of a semi-arid environment in central western Queensland, Australia. Wildlife Research 27:203-215.
  18. 1 2 Hall, L. S. and Richards, G. C. 1979. Bats of eastern Australia. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
  19. ↑ Vestjens, W. J. M. and Hall, L. S. 1977. Stomach contents of forty-two species of bats from the Australasian region. Wildlife Research 4:25-35.
  20. ↑ Coles, R. B. and Lumsden, L. 1993. Report on the survey of bats in the Heathlands area of Cape York Peninsula. Cape York Peninsula Scientific Expedition Wet Season 1992 Report 2:247-259.
  21. ↑ Geiser, F; Turbill, C (2009). "Hibernation and daily torpor minimize mammalian extinctions". Naturwissenschaften. 96 (10): 1235–40. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0583-0. PMID 19578825.
  22. ↑ McKenzie, N. and Pennay, M. 2008. Saccolaimus flaviventris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 12 October 2014.
  23. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia Accessed 7 October 2014.
  24. ↑ Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria. 2013, The State of Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment, accessed 7 October 2014

References

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