Zaharija of Serbia
| Zaharija Pribislavljević | |
|---|---|
|
Prince / Archont / Knez of Serbs / Serbia | |
| Prince of Serbia | |
| Reign | 922–924 |
| Predecessor | Pavle |
| Successor | Časlav |
| Born |
890s Ras |
| Died | after 924 |
| House | Vlastimirović |
| Father | Pribislav |
| Religion | Eastern Christianity |
Zaharija Pribislavljević or Zaharija of Serbia (Serbian: Захаријa Прибислављевић, Greek: Ζαχαρίας[A] ; c. 890s – 924) was Prince of the Serbs from 922 to 924. He defeated his cousin Pavle in 922, ruling Serbia for two years.
Zaharija was the son of Pribislav, the eldest son of Mutimir (r. 851–891) of the first Serbian dynasty (ruling since the early 7th century).
Life
| Vlastimirović dynasty | |||
Early
His father, Pribislav, ruled Serbia from 891 to 892 until his nephew, Petar, the son of Gojnik, returned from exile and defeated him in battle, ruling Serbia from 892 to 917.[1] Pribislav fled to Croatia with his brothers Bran and Stefan.[1] Bran later returned and led an unsuccessful rebellion against Petar in 894.[2] Bran was defeated, captured and blinded (blinding was a Byzantine tradition that meant to disqualify a person from taking the throne[3]). Pribislav lived in Constantinople.[4]
The Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars made de facto the First Bulgarian Empire the most powerful Empire of Southeastern Europe. The Bulgarians won after invading at the right time; as they met little resistance in the north because of the Byzantines fighting the Arabs in Anatolia[5] but eventually the Byzantines concluded peace with the Arabs. They sent their whole army against the Bulgarians but were decisively defeated in the battle of Achelous in 917. After several more victories Simeon I of Bulgaria prevailed. Petar switched sides to the Byzantines and was deposed and sent to Bulgaria; Pavle Branović was instated by the Bulgarians in 917, ruling until 920–921.
Rule
Zaharija was sent in 920 by Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944) to retake the throne (as the rightful pretender[6]) but was captured by Pavle and sent to Symeon in Bulgaria.[4] After this, the Byzantines sent envoys to Pavle, trying to make him a Byzantine ally; in the meantime, the Bulgarian started to indoctrinate Zaharija.[4] The Byzantines seem to have given much gold to Pavle in order to win him over, showing the danger of a strong Bulgaria against Serbia.[4] The Bulgarian troops were concentrated in Thrace, where Symeon besieged cities.[4] In 921, Pavle was won over to the Byzantines, and he began to prepare an attack on Bulgaria.[4] Symeon was interrupted during the campaign[7] and was warned; he spared a few troops, sending them with Zaharija, and promising him the throne if he would defeat Pavle.[4] The intervention was successful; Zaharija gained control of Serbia[4] by spring 922.[7] Once again, a Bulgarian ally was on the Serbian throne, but not for long.[4]
Zaharija, who had long lived in Constantinople where he had been heavily influenced by the Byzantines, probably resented the Bulgarians after his capture, and was not truly won over.[4] It was natural that the Serbs were pro-Byzantine and anti-Bulgarian; the Byzantines were distant and offered greater independence, while powerful Bulgaria interfered with its neighbour.[4] Zaharija resumed his original alliance with the Byzantine Empire.[8]
Zaharija started to unite several Slavic tribes along the common border to rebel against Bulgaria. In 923, Symeon sent an insufficient number of troops to quell the rebels; several Bulgarian generals were killed, and their heads and weapons were sent by Zaharija as gifts to the Byzantines.[4][8][9] It was after Symeon tried and failed to ally himself with the Fatimids in a naval siege on Constantinople, and when he lost the battle against Zaharija that he decided to meet with Romanus.[10] In September 923, Symeon arrived at Constantinople, demanding a meeting with the Emperor.[10] During the meeting Romanus managed to stir up Symeon, asking how the Bulgarian could live with so much blood on his hands.[10] Peace was discussed, but Symeon left before any terms were signed or sworn.[10] Presumably Symeon wanted keep the Greeks at peace so that he could tackle the Serbian problem in Zaharija.[10]
In 924, a large Bulgarian army was sent into Serbia, led by Časlav, his second cousin.[10] The army ravaged a good part of Serbia, forcing Zaharija to flee to Croatia.[10] Symeon summoned all Serbian dukes to pay homage to their new Prince, but instead of instating Časlav, he took them all captive, annexing Serbia.[10] Bulgaria now considerably expanded its borders; neighbouring ally Michael of Zahumlje and Croatia, where Zaharija is exiled.[10] Croatia at this time had its most powerful leaders in history, Tomislav.[10]
Časlav took the throne with Byzantine aid in 927, ruling Serbia until the 950s. No more is heard of Zaharija.
References
- ^ Name: The first attestation of his name is the Greek Zaharias (Ζαχαρίας), in Latin Zacharias, in Serbian Zaharija. He was a descendant of Vlastimirović, his father was Pribislav, hence, according to the contemporary naming culture, his name was Zaharija Pribislavljević Vlastimirović.
- 1 2 The early medieval Balkans, p. 141
- ↑ The early medieval Balkans, p. 150
- ↑ Longworth, Philip (1997), The making of Eastern Europe: from prehistory to postcommunism (1997 ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, p. 321, ISBN 0-312-17445-4
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The early medieval Balkans, p. 152
- ↑ Theophanes Continuatus, p. 312., cited in Vasil'ev, A. (1902) (in Russian). Vizantija i araby, II. pp. 88, p. 104, pp. 108–111
- ↑ A history of the Byzantine state and society, p. 476
- 1 2 A history of the Byzantine state and society, p. 477
- 1 2 Warren T. Treadgold, A history of the Byzantine state and society, p. 479
- ↑ Byzantine style, religion and civilization: in honour of Sir Steven Runciman, p. 349-350
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The early medieval Balkans, p. 153
Sources
- De Administrando Imperio by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, edited by Gy. Moravcsik and translated by R.J.H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington D. C., 1993
- J. B. Bury, History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil: A.D. 802–867. ISBN 1-60520-421-8, ISBN 978-1-60520-421-5. Google Books
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
- Ćorović, Vladimir, Istorija srpskog naroda, Book I, (In Serbian) Electric Book, Rastko Electronic Book, Antikvarneknjige (Cyrillic)
- Drugi Period, IV: Pokrštavanje Južnih Slovena
- Istorija Srpskog Naroda, Srbi između Vizantije, Hrvatske i Bugarske
- The Serbs, ISBN 0-631-20471-7, ISBN 978-0-631-20471-8. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004, Google Books.
- Живковић, Тибор (2002). Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу 600-1025 (South Slavs under the Byzantine Rule 600-1025). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник.
- Tibor Živković, Portreti srpskih vladara (IX—XII), Beograd, 2006 (ISBN 86-17-13754-1), p. 11
- Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa.
- Ferjančić, B. 1997, "Basile I et la restauration du pouvoir byzantin au IXème siècle", Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta, no. 36, pp. 9–30.
| Zaharija, Knez of Serbia | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Pavle |
Knez of Serbia 922–924 |
Succeeded by Bulgarian Empire 924–927 Časlav 927–960 |