Ziziphus

Ziziphus
Ziziphus jujuba, by Adolphus Ypey
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rhamnaceae
Tribe:	Paliureae
Genus:	Ziziphus Mill., 1768
Type species
Ziziphus jujuba Mill.[1]
Species
See text
Synonyms
Condaliopsis (Weberb.) Suess. Sarcomphalus P.Browne[2]

Ziziphus /ˈzɪzᵻfəs/^[3] is a genus of about 40 species of spiny shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae, distributed in the warm-temperate and subtropical regions throughout the world. The leaves are alternate, entire, with three prominent basal veins, and 2–7 cm (0.79–2.76 in) long; some species are deciduous, others evergreen. The flowers are small, inconspicuous yellow-green. The fruit is an edible drupe, yellow-brown, red, or black, globose or oblong, 1–5 cm (0.39–1.97 in) long, often very sweet and sugary, reminiscent of a date in texture and flavour.

Overview

The generic name is derived from zizfum or zizafun, the Persian word for Z. lotus.^[4] They are Rhamnaceae, near to the Buckthorn genus.

Ecology

Ziziphus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix zizyphella, which feeds exclusively on the genus, and Endoclita malabaricus.

Well known species includes Z. jujuba (jujube), Z. spina-christi from southwestern Asia, Z. lotus from the Mediterranean region, and ber (Z. mauritiana), which is found from western Africa to India. Ziziphus joazeiro grows in the Caatinga of Brazil. Ziziphus celata is listed as an endangered species in the United States.

The fruits are an important source for birds, which eat the whole fruit and regurgitate the seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornitochory). Secondly, seed dispersal is carried out by mammals or fishes. The fruit is energy-rich because of the large amount of sugar it contains. It is cultivated and eaten fresh, dry, and in jam. It is also added as a base in meals and in the manufacture of candy. The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on species, and are aromatic.

They are temperate or tropical plants, having a great range. They are most abundant where annual average temperatures are between 12 and 35 °C and minimum winter temperatures are not lower than -2 °C. They prefer locations with a high temperature coupled with humidity. They require a deep soil, fresh, soft, siliceous-calcareous nature or limestone-clay-silica-clay and subsurface permeable, with pH between 5.5 and 7.8. In excessively sandy or clay soils which may be affected by standing water, the plants do not grow well. Many species are very sensitive to drought, and if the land is excessively dry and of calcareous nature, they may resent the lack of moisture. At the slightest drought, premature fruit drop is frequent. Ziziphus has several relict species living in temperate areas. These species can not endure the harsh winters of temperate continental climates.

The ecological requirements of the genus are mostly those of vigorous species with a great ability to propagate in conducive habitats. This genus is adapted mostly to high rainfall and humidity, but some species are deciduous, living in Mediterranean humid climate. The deciduous Ziziphus species lose all of their leaves for part of the year depending on variations in rainfall. In deciduous species in tropical, subtropical, and arid regions, leaf loss coincides with the dry season. They grow mostly in tropical forests but have also been found in stubbles, pastures, coastal ranges, tropical mountain areas, and wet to dry interior regions. The family is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical areas and in cloud forest.

The differences are ecological adaptations to different environments over a relatively dry-wet climate. Species in less humid environment are smaller or less robust, with less abundant and thinner foliage and have oleifera cells that produce trees with a more fragrant aroma.

Uses

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), suan zao ren (Ziziphus spinosa) is considered to be sweet and sour in taste, and neutral in action. It is believed to nourish the heart yin, augment the liver blood, and calm the spirit (TCM medical terms). It is used to treat irritability, insomnia and heart palpitations.

Mythology

The mythological lotus tree which occurs in Homer's Odyssey is often equated with Z. lotus, though the date palm is also a possible candidate.

Selected species

Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. ex A.Rich. (Dry zones of tropical Africa) Ziziphus angolito Standl. Ziziphus apetala Hook.f. ex M.A.Lawson Ziziphus attopensis Pierre Ziziphus budhensis Bhattarai & Pathak (Central Nepal) Ziziphus celata Judd & Hall (Florida, USA) Ziziphus cotinifolia Reissek Ziziphus fungii Merr. Ziziphus funiculosa Buch.-Ham. ex M.A.Lawson Ziziphus guaranitica Malme Ziziphus havanensis Kunth Ziziphus horrida Roth Ziziphus hutchinsonii (Philippines) Ziziphus incurva Roxb. Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. – Jujube Ziziphus laui Merr. Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (Mediterranean region) Ziziphus mairei Dode Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Widespread through Old World tropics and subtropics) Ziziphus melastomoides Pittier

Ziziphus mexicana Rose Ziziphus mistol Griseb. (Gran Chaco of South America) Ziziphus montana W.W.Smith Ziziphus mucronata Willd. – Buffalo Thorn (Southern Africa) Ziziphus napeca Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. (Thar Desert of South Asia) Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray – Lotebush Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew. Ziziphus parryi Torr. – Parry's Jujube Ziziphus platyphylla Reissek Ziziphus quadrilocularis F.Muell. (Northern Australia) Ziziphus robertsoniana Ziziphus rugosa Ziziphus saeri Pittier Ziziphus sativa Gaertn Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. Ziziphus talanai (Blanco) Merr. (Philippines) Ziziphus trinervia (Cav.) Poir. Ziziphus undulata Reissek Ziziphus vulgaris Lamarck – Hinap (Bulgaria) Ziziphus xiangchengensis Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd.

List Sources:^{[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]}

Fossil species

• † Ziziphus hyperboreus Heer (Greenland, Eocene fossil)
• † Ziziphus wyomingianisBerry (Tipperary, Wind River Basin Wyoming, USA, Eocene fossil)^[12]

† = Extinct

Gallery

• 
  Ziziphus jujuba foliage
• 
  Dried fruits (azufaifas) in southern Spain of Ziziphus jujuba
• 
  Azufaifas from Almería
• 
  Ziziphus mauritiana
• 
  Ziziphus oenoplia in Shamirpet, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
• 
  Ziziphus oenoplia in Shamirpet, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
• 
  Ziziphus spina-christi
• 
  Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India.
• 
  Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India.
• 
  Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India.
• 
  Persian Zizyphus in Iran

References

1. "Ziziphus Mill.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Database. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
2. "Ziziphus Mill.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-10. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
3. Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
4. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. 4 R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2876. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
5. "Query Results for Genus Ziziphus". IPNI  . Retrieved August 7, 2009.
6. "GRIN Species Records of Ziziphus". GRIN. USDA . Retrieved 2010-10-16.
7. "Classificação segundo a Flora brasiliensis" (in Portuguese). Flora brasiliensis . Retrieved August 7, 2009.
8. "Ziziphus species list". Flora of China. EFloras . Retrieved September 7, 2009.
9. The Biodiversity Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (eds.) (2008). "Genus Ziziphus". Beijing, China: Catalogue of Life China: 2008 Annual Checklist China . Retrieved September 9, 2009.
10. "Flora Europaea: Ziziphus query results". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh . Retrieved September 7, 2009.
11. "Ziziphus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
12. Geological Survey professional paper, Issue 165: Shorter Contributions to General Geology. US Govt. Printing Office. 1930. p. 73. Retrieved May 28, 2011.