Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron
| Benoît Clapeyron | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Born |
26 February 1799 Paris |
| Died |
28 January 1864 (aged 64) Paris |
Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (French: [klapɛʁɔ̃]; 26 February 1799 – 28 January 1864) was a French engineer and physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics.
Life
Born in Paris, Clapeyron studied at the École polytechnique and the École des mines, before leaving for Saint Petersburg in 1820 to teach at the École des Travaux Publics. He returned to Paris only after the Revolution of July 1830, supervising the construction of the first railway line connecting Paris to Versailles and Saint-Germain. He married Mélanie Bazaine, daughter of Pierre-Dominique Bazaine (mathematician and ingénieur des ponts), and older sister of Pierre-Dominique (Adolphe) Bazaine (railway engineer) and Francois Achille Bazaine (Marshal of France).
Work
In 1834, he made his first contribution to the creation of modern thermodynamics by publishing a report entitled Mémoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur (Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat), in which he developed the work of the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, deceased two years before. Though Carnot had developed a compelling analysis of a generalised heat engine, he had employed the clumsy and already unfashionable caloric theory.
Clapeyron, in his memoire, presented Carnot's work in a more accessible and analytic graphical form, showing the Carnot cycle as a closed curve on an indicator diagram, a chart of pressure against volume (named in his honor Clapeyron's graph).
In 1843, Clapeyron further developed the idea of a reversible process, already suggested by Carnot and made a definitive statement of Carnot's principle, what is now known as the second law of thermodynamics.
These foundations enabled him to make substantive extensions of Clausius' work, including the formula, now known as the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, which characterises the phase transition between two phases of matter. He further considered questions of phase transitions in what later became known as Stefan problems.
Other work
Clapeyron also worked on the characterisation of perfect gases, the equilibrium of homogeneous solids, and calculations of the statics of continuous beams, notably the theorem of three moments[1] (Clapeyron's theorem).
Publications
- Clapeyron, E. (1834). "Mémoire sur la Puissance Motrice de la Chaleur". Journal de l'Ecole Royale Polytechnique (in French). Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. Vingt-troisième cahier, Tome XIV: 153–190.
- Clapeyron, E. (1837). "
Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat". In Taylor, Richard. Scientific Memoirs. 1. Wikisource. 347. [scan]
Honors
- Member of the Académie des Sciences, (1858).
- The Rue Clapeyron in Paris' 8th arrondissement (here) is named for him.
- His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
See also
References
External links
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.