1857 in science

List of years in science (table)
... 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 ... 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 ... 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 ...
Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +...

The year 1857 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

• Peter Andreas Hansen's Tables of the Moon are published in London.^[1]

Biology

• Rev. M. J. Berkeley publishes Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.
• Galen Clark discovers the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias in California.

Chemistry

• Robert Bunsen invents apparatus for measuring effusion.
• Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz proposes that carbon is tetravalent, or forms exactly four chemical bonds.^[2][3]

Earth sciences

• January 9 – Fort Tejon earthquake on the San Andreas Fault with a moment magnitude of 7.9.^[4]

Exploration

• May 16 – The British North American Exploring Expedition, led by Irish geographer Capt. John Palliser, sets off for a three-year exploration of Western Canada.

Mathematics

• William Rowan Hamilton invents the Icosian game.^[5]

Medicine

• March 12 – Elizabeth Blackwell opens the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children.
• Bénédict Morel publishes Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives.

Technology

• March 23 – Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway).

Publications

• Naturalist P. H. Gosse's creationist text Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot is published in England.

Awards

• Copley Medal: Michel Eugène Chevreul
• Wollaston Medal for geology: Joachim Barrande

Births

• January 20 – Vladimir Bekhterev (died 1927), Russian psychologist.
• February 3 – Wilhelm Johannsen (died 1927), Danish plant physiologist and geneticist.
• March 27 – Carl Pearson (died 1936), English mathematician.
• April 30 – Eugen Bleuler (died 1939), Swiss psychiatrist.
• May 13 – Ronald Ross (died 1932), Indian-born British physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902.
• May 15 – Williamina Fleming (died 1911), Scottish-born American astronomer
• August 8 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (died 1935), American paleontologist.
• October 2 – John Macintyre (died 1928), Scottish laryngologist and pioneer radiographer.
• November 1 – John Joly (died 1933), Anglo-Irish physicist.
• November 27 – Charles Sherrington (died 1952), English neurophysiologist and bacteriologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932.

Deaths

• January 2 – Andrew Ure (born 1778), Scottish industrial chemist and encyclopaedist
• May 23 – Augustin Louis Cauchy (born 1789), French mathematician.
• June 21 – Louis Jacques Thénard (born 1777), French chemist.
• July 13 – Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner (born 1783), German chemist.
• July 29 – Charles Lucien Bonaparte (born 1803), French naturalist.
• August 12 – William Conybeare (born 1787), English geologist.
• December 15 – George Cayley (born 1773), English aviation pioneer.
• December 17 – Francis Beaufort (born 1774) British hydrographer.
• date unknown - Elizabeth Philpot (born 1780), English paleontologist.
• date unknown - Mary Buckland (born 1797), British paleontologist and marine biologist.

References

1. W. T. L. (1875). "Peter Andreas Hansen". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 35: 168–170. doi:10.1093/mnras/35.4.168. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
2. "August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper". Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
3. Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 91–93. ISBN 9780941901123.
4. "Historic Earthquakes: Fort Tejon, California". United States Geological Survey. 2009-10-21. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
5. Biggs, Norman L.; Lloyd, E. Keith; Wilson, Robin J. (1976). Graph Theory 1736-1936. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198539010.