1865 in science

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The year 1865 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Archaeology

• John Lubbock publishes Pre-historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages, including his coinage of the term Palæolithic.^[1]

Astronomy

• Vassar College Observatory opens at Poughkeepsie, New York, with Maria Mitchell as its first director.

Chemistry

• Friedrich Kekulé proposes a ring structure for benzene.^[2]
• Adolf von Baeyer begins work on indigo dye, a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionizes the dye industry.^[3]
• Johann Josef Loschmidt determines the exact number of molecules in a mole, later named Avogadro's number.^[4]

Life sciences

• Louis Pasteur shows that the air is full of bacteria.
• Joseph Lister begins to experiment with antiseptic surgery in Glasgow using carbolic acid.^[5]
• Gregor Mendel reads his paper, Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brünn in Moravia.^[6]
• Max Schultze gives the first known description of the platelet.^[7]
• Francis Galton formulates eugenics.^[8]
• Claude Bernard publishes Principes de Médecine experimentale.
• May 17 – Father Armand David first observes Père David's Deer in China.^[9]
• September – John Henry Walsh (writing as 'Stonehenge' in the magazine The Field) gives the first definition of a dog breed standard (for the pointer) based on physical form.^[10]
• September 28 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson obtains a licence from the Society of Apothecaries in London to practice medicine, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the United Kingdom,^[11] and sets up in her own practice.

Physics

• Rudolf Clausius gives the first mathematical version of the concept of entropy, and also names it.^[12][13]
• James Clerk Maxwell publishes A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field.^[5]

Technology

• Aveling and Porter produce the world's first steam roller at Rochester in England.^[14]
• Hermann Sprengel produces the Sprengel pump which is capable of creating a significant vacuum.^[15]

Awards

• Copley Medal: Michel Chasles.
• Wollaston Medal in Geology: Thomas Davidson.

Births

• January 22 – Friedrich Paschen (died 1947), German physicist.
• February 1 – Henry Luke Bolley (died 1956), American plant pathologist.
• March 19 – William Morton Wheeler (died 1937), American entomologist.
• March 31 – Anandi Gopal Joshi (died 1887), Indian physician.
• April 28 – Charles W. Woodworth (died 1940), American entomologist.
• June 27 – John Monash (died 1931), Australian civil engineer and General.
• August 10 – Charles Close (died 1952), Jersey-born cartographer.

Deaths

• January 14 – Marie-Anne Libert (born 1782), Belgian botanist.
• January 31 – Hugh Falconer (born 1808), British geologist, botanist, paleontologist and paleoanthropologist.
• April 30 – Robert FitzRoy (born 1805), English admiral and meteorologist, suicide.
• May 27 – Charles Waterton (born 1782), English naturalist and explorer.
• July 25 – Dr. James Barry (born 1789-1799), Irish-born military surgeon.
• August 12 – Sir William Jackson Hooker (born 1785), English botanist.
• August 26 – Johann Franz Encke (born 1791), German astronomer.
• August 29 – Robert Remak (born 1815), Polish/Prussian Jewish embryologist.
• September 2 – Sir William Rowan Hamilton (born 1805), Irish mathematician, physicist and astronomer.
• October 17 – Joseph-François Malgaigne (born 1806), French surgeon.

References

1. "Palaeolithic, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary online version (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. December 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2012-02-24. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
2. Kekulé, F. A. (1865). "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques". Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. 3: 98–110.
3. "Adolf von Baeyer: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921. Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
4. Lienhard, John H. (2003). "Johann Josef Loschmidt". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 1858. Johann Josef Loschmidt. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston.
5. Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1865". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale.
6. Moore, Randy (May 2001). "The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Work" (PDF). Bioscene. 27. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
7. Schultze, M. (1865). "Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchungen des Blutes". Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie. 1: 1–42. doi:10.1007/bf02961404.
8. Galton, Francis (1865). "Hereditary talent and character" (PDF). Macmillan's Magazine. 12: 157–166, 318–327. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
9. "Elaphurus davidianus". Ultimate Ungulate. 2004. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
10. "First modern dog discovered". University of Manchester. 2013-03-06. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
11. Apart from the woman passing herself off as Dr James Barry. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
12. Clausius, R. (1865). "Über die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper". Annalen der Physik. 125: 353–400. doi:10.1002/andp.18652010702. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
13. Clausius, R. (1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies. London: John van Voorst.
14. "Aveling and Porter". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
15. Thompson, Silvanus P. (1888). The Development of the Mercurial Air-pump. London: E. & F. N. Spon. pp. 14–15.