1901 in science

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The year 1901 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• Okapi, a relative of the Giraffe found in the rainforests around the Congo River in north east Zaire, is discovered (previously known only to local natives).
• Publication of Robert Ridgway's The Birds of North and Middle America by the Smithsonian Institution begins.
• Edmund Selous publishes the book Bird Watching in the U.K., giving rise to the term birdwatching.

Chemistry

• May 27 – The Edison Storage Battery Company is founded in New Jersey.
• Europium is discovered by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay.
• Emil Fischer, in collaboration with Ernest Fourneau, synthesizes the dipeptide, glycylglycine, and also publishes his work on the hydrolysis of casein.
• Edith Humphrey becomes (probably) the first British woman to obtain a doctorate in chemistry, at the University of Zurich.^[1]

Computing

• December 13 (20:45:52) – Retrospectively, this becomes the earliest date representable with a signed 32-bit integer on digital computer systems that reference time in seconds since the Unix epoch.

Exploration

• August 6 – Discovery Expedition: Robert Falcon Scott sets sail on the RRS Discovery to explore the Ross Sea in Antarctica.

History of Science

• September 25 – Establishment of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, the world's first history of science society.^[2]

Mathematics

• May/June – Russell's paradox: Bertrand Russell shows that Georg Cantor's naive set theory leads to a contradiction.^[3]
• Élie Cartan develops the exterior derivative.
• Leonard Eugene Dickson publishes Linear groups with an exposition of the Galois field theory in Leipzig, advancing the classification of finite simple groups and listing almost all non-abelian simple groups having order less than one billion.^[4]
• Aleksandr Lyapunov proves the central limit theorem rigorously using characteristic functions.^[5]

Paleontology

• Publication begins of A Monograph of British Graptolites by Gertrude L. Elles and Dr Ethel M. R. Wood, edited by Charles Lapworth.

Photography

• Eastman Kodak introduce the 120 film.

Physics

• Albert Einstein publishes his conclusions on capillarity.^[6]
• Owen Richardson describes the phenomenon in thermionic emission which gives rise to Richardson's Law.^[7]
• Ivan Yarkovsky describes the Yarkovsky effect, a thermal force acting on rotating bodies in space, in a pamphlet on "The density of light ether and the resistance it offers to motion" published in Bryansk.^[8]
• December 12 – Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, sent from Poldhu in Cornwall, England, to Newfoundland, the letter "S" in Morse.^[9]

Physiology and medicine

• November 25 – Auguste Deter is first examined by Dr Alois Alzheimer in Frankfort leading to a diagnosis of the condition that will carry Alzheimer's name.^[10]
• Jokichi Takamine isolates and names adrenaline from mammalian organs.^[11]
• Ivan Pavlov develops the theory of the "conditional reflex".^[12]
• Georg Kelling of Dresden performs the first "coelioscopy" (laparoscopic surgery), on a dog.^[13]
• William C. Gorgas controls the spread of yellow fever in Cuba by a mosquito eradication program.^[14]
• Scottish military doctor William Boog Leishman identifies organisms from the spleen of a patient who had died from "Dum Dum fever" (later known as leishmaniasis) and proposes them to be trypanosomes, found for the first time in India.^[15]
• An improved sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure, is invented and popularized by Harvey Cushing.
• Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types

Technology

• May 16 – TS King Edward is launched at William Denny and Brothers' shipyard in Dumbarton, Scotland. The first commercial merchant vessel propelled by steam turbines, she enters excursion service on the Firth of Clyde on July 1.
• July 10 – The world's first passenger-carrying trolleybus in regular service operates on the Biela Valley Trolleybus route at Koeninggstein in Germany, pioneering Max Schiemann's under-running trolley current collection system.^[16]
• August 30 – Hubert Cecil Booth patents the electrically powered vacuum cleaner in the United Kingdom^[17]
• November 30 – Frank Hornby of Liverpool is granted a U.K. patent for the construction toy that will become Meccano.^[18]
• December 3 – King C. Gillette files a U.S. patent application for his design of safety razor utilizing thin, disposable blades of stamped steel.^[19]
• Ernest Godward invents the spiral hairpin in New Zealand.
• Theodor Rall patents his design of rolling lift bridge.^[20][21]

Publications

• H. G. Wells' "scientific romance" The First Men in the Moon and his collected articles on futurology Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress Upon Human Life and Thought.

Awards

• First Nobel Prizes awarded
  • Physics – Wilhelm Röntgen
  • Chemistry – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
  • Medicine – Emil Adolf von Behring
• Wollaston Medal for Geology – Charles Barrois

Births

• January 14 – Alfred Tarski (died 1983), Polish Jewish logician and mathematician.
• February 28 – Linus Pauling (died 1994), American chemist, Nobel Prize winner for chemistry and peace.
• March 6 – Rex Wailes (died 1986), English engineer and historian of technology.
• April 23 – E. B. Ford (died 1988), English ecological geneticist and lepidopterist.
• April 29 – Hirohito (died 1989), marine biologist and Emperor of Japan.
• July 2 – Esther Somerfeld-Ziskind (died 2002), American neurologist and psychiatrist.
• August 10 – Franco Rasetti (died 2001), Italian physicist.
• September 29 – Enrico Fermi (died 1954), Italian physicist.
• November 6 – Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker (died 1957), British phycologist.
• December 5 – Werner Heisenberg (died 1976), German theoretical physicist.
• December 16 – Margaret Mead (died 1978), American cultural anthropologist.
• December 20 – Robert J. Van de Graaff (died 1967), American physicist.

Deaths

• January 21 – Elisha Gray (born 1835), American electrical engineer.
• February 11 – Henry Willis (born 1821), English organ builder.
• February 22 – George FitzGerald (born 1851), Irish mathematician.
• April 16 – Henry Augustus Rowland (born 1848), American physicist.
• September 10 - Emanuella Carlbeck (born 1829), Swedish pioneer in the education of students with Intellectual disability.

References

1. Über die Bindungsstelle der Metalle in ihren Verbindungen und über Dinitritoäthylendiaminkobaltisalze.
2. "DGGMNT". Retrieved 2011-10-10.
3. Griffin, N. (2004). "The Prehistory of Russell's Paradox". In Link, Godehard (ed). One Hundred Years of Russell's Paradox: mathematics, logic, philosophy. p. 350. ISBN 978-3-11-017438-0.
4. Parshall, K. H. (1991). "A study in group theory: Leonard Eugene Dickson's Linear groups". Mathematical Intelligencer. 13: 7–11. doi:10.1007/bf03024065.
5. Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
6. Einstein, A. (1901). "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen" (PDF). Annalen der Physik. 309 (3): 513–523. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..513E. doi:10.1002/andp.19013090306.
7. Nobel Foundation (1928). "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928: Owen Willans Richardson". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
8. Beekman, George. "The nearly forgotten scientist Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 115 (4): 207–212. Bibcode:2005JBAA..115..207B. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
9. Bussey, Gordon (2000). Marconi's Atlantic Leap. Coventry: Marconi. ISBN 0-9538967-0-6.
10. "Alois Alzheimer". Whonamedit?. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
11. Takamine, J. (1901). "The isolation of the active principle of the suprarenal gland". The Journal of Physiology. Cambridge University Press: xxix–xxx. See also American Journal of Pharmacy 73 (1901):525.
12. Todes, Daniel Philip (2002). Pavlov's Physiology Factory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 232 et seq. ISBN 0-8018-6690-1.
13. Schollmeyer, Thoralf; et al. (November 2007). "Georg Kelling (1866-1945): the root of modern day minimal invasive surgery. A forgotten legend?" (PDF). Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 276 (5): 505–9. doi:10.1007/s00404-007-0372-y. PMID 17458553. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
14. Porter, Roy (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: a medical history of humanity from antiquity to the present. London: HarperCollins. p. 474. ISBN 0-00-215173-1.
15. Leishman, W. B. (1903). "On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanomiasis in India". The British Medical Journal.
16. Dittmann, Frank (1991). "Die gleislose Bielatalbahn". Sächsische Heimatblätter (3): 177–180. ISSN 0486-8234.
17. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
18. "Hornby's 1901 patent". Retrieved 2010-08-14.
19. US 775134  "Razor"
20. "Patent number 669348: T. Rall movable bridge". United States Patent and Trademark Office (referenced online by Google Patents). 1901. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
21. Clarke, Mike (2009-01-05). "A Brief History of Movable Bridges". Retrieved 2012-02-09.