2007 Samjhauta Express bombings

Samjhauta Express bombing
Location Panipat, Haryana, India
Date 18 February 2007
23:53 (UTC +5:30)
Target Samjhauta Express train
Weapons Bombs
Deaths 68
Non-fatal injuries
 50
Accused Hindu nationalists (Sunil Joshi, Pragya Singh Thakur, Durga Vahini and Jan Kalyan Samiti)[1] or Lashkar-e-Taiba[2][3]

The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred around midnight on 18 February 2007 on the Samjhauta Express, a twice-weekly train service connecting Delhi, India, and Lahore, Pakistan.[4][5] Bombs were set off in two carriages, both filled with passengers, just after the train passed Diwana station near the Indian city of Panipat, 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of New Delhi.[4][6] Sixty-eight people were killed in the ensuing fire and dozens more were injured.[7] Of the 68 fatalities, most were Pakistani civilians. The victims also included some Indian civilians and three railway policemen.[8]

Investigators subsequently found evidence of suitcases with explosives and flammable material, including three undetonated bombs. Inside one of the undetonated suitcases, a digital timer encased in transparent plastic was packed alongside a dozen plastic bottles containing fuel oils and chemicals.[8] After the bombing, eight unaffected carriages were allowed to continue onwards to Lahore with passengers.

Both the Indian and Pakistani governments condemned the attack, and officials on both sides speculated that the perpetrators intended to disrupt improving relations between the two nations, since the attack came just a day before Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri was to arrive in New Delhi to resume peace talks with Indian leaders.[5] There have been a number of breaks in the investigation of the bombing. As of 2011, nobody has been charged for the crime yet. It has been allegedly linked to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu fundamentalist group in India.[9] Other allegations also concurred on Lashkar-e-Taiba.[10] A United States report declared Arif Qasmani to be involved in the attack.[11] Consequently, after consulting with the United Nations, the United States declared him an international terrorist.[12]

Background

Since their formation resulting from the Partition of India in 1947, India and Pakistan have had a conflict-ridden relationship. In their plan for the partition, the British allowed all 565 princely states to decide which country they wanted to join.[13] Most Hindu-majority princely states acceded to the Republic of India, while most Muslim-majority princely states joined the Dominion (now Islamic Republic) of Pakistan. The decision made by the leaders of some of these princely states has been a source of conflict and tension between the two countries. Kashmir is one of these princely states—its population was mostly Muslim, but the Hindu ruler Hari Singh of the state decided to join India.[13] The countries have fought four wars over this disputed region: the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (resulting in the formation of Bangladesh), and the Kargil War in 1999.[14] Since the 1980s, militants in Jammu and Kashmir have targeted attacks on civilians, members of the government and the Indian Army. Some groups, like the Islamist militant organisations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, believe that Kashmir should be integrated into Pakistan, while others—such as the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front—believe it should become an independent state. All told, thousands of civilians have died due to the insurgency.[15][16]

In recent years, the Indian and Pakistani governments have made attempts to bring peace or to at least calm the tensions between the countries. One such attempt in the peace process came with the launch of the Samjhauta Express, so-named because the word samjhauta means "accord" and "compromise" in Hindi and Urdu, respectively. This twice-weekly train service runs between Delhi and Attari in India and Wagah and Lahore in Pakistan.[17] Launched in 1976, the Samjhauta Express served as the only rail connection between the two countries until the launch of the Thar Express. Given the nature of the transnational service and the ongoing violence in the region, the Samjhauta Express was always heavily guarded, as it was a high-risk target for terrorist attacks. Weeks after the Indian Parliament terrorist attack on 13 December 2001, the train service was discontinued amid security concerns.[18] Although it resumed service on 15 January 2004, the train was placed on high security. Just days before the attack, Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri announced that he was going to Delhi on 21 February 2007 to meet with Indian government officials to continue peace talks and to sign a nuclear risk reduction agreement.[19]

Details

Panipat
Location of Panipat within the state of Haryana

Twin blasts shook two coaches of the Samjhauta Express travelling between India and Pakistan at around 23:53 IST (18:23 UTC) on Sunday, 18 February 2007, shortly after the train had passed through the railway station in the village of Diwana, near the Indian city of Panipat.[20] One railway employee manning the level crossing at the time stated:

It was about 11.52 when I showed the signal lantern to the Attari [Samjhauta] Express which was coming in very fast, probably at over 100 kilometers an hour (62.1 mph). Just as [it] reached near the home signal, I could hear two loud explosions from the coaches near the guards' van at the rear.[6]

After the explosions, both carriages were engulfed in flames and many passengers were incapacitated by the smoke. Witnesses claim to have seen passengers screaming and attempting to escape, but since most of the train's windows were barred for security reasons, many could not escape in time. The injured were pulled out of the burning carriages by fellow passengers and local residents.[4]

In the end, the terrorist attack left 68 people dead and 50 injured.[19] Most of the dead and injured were Pakistani nationals, though some Indians, including railway workers, were also killed. Initial identification of the victims was hindered by the fact that many of the bodies were charred beyond recognition.[8] The rest of the train, which was left undamaged by the attack, continued on to the border town of Attari.[8] There, passengers were transferred to a Pakistani train which took them to their destination in Lahore.[8]

Reactions

India

Lalu Prasad Yadav, the then Indian Minister of Railways

The Indian government and media initially began pointing the finger at Pakistan for the terror attacks. Widespread condemnation of Pakistan ensued, particularly from the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party, and Pakistan was accused of harbouring terrorists and intentionally derailing peace attempts with India. Later on, however, the bombing appeared to be more linked to Hindutva militant groups within India than with any terrorist organization within Pakistan. Indian Minister of Railways, Lalu Prasad Yadav, condemned the incident[21] and went on to say that the attack was "an attempt to derail the improving relationship between India and Pakistan."[20] He also announced compensation payments of Rs. 1,000,000 (approx. €17,500 or US$22,750) for the next-of-kin of each of the deceased and Rs. 50,000 for those injured.[22] Home Minister Shivraj Patil claimed that "whoever is behind the incident is against peace and wants to spoil our growing relationship with other countries". Prime Minister Manmohan Singh expressed "anguish and grief" at the loss of life, and vowed that the culprits would be caught.[4] India's foreign ministry also promised to issue visas for Pakistani relatives of those killed or injured in the blasts.[23] Indian journalist Siddharth Varadarajan argued that the peace process should stay on track and that any wavering would be tantamount to surrendering to terrorism.[24]

The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party condemned the attacks and petitioned the ruling Indian National Congress to ask Pakistan to comply with its 2004 promise to crack down on cross-border terrorism. The party also argued for a harsher anti-terror bill to take a "zero tolerance" approach to terrorism in India.[25]

Pakistan

The government of Pakistan reacted in the same vein, through its Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri, proclaiming that this was an act of terrorism that should be investigated by Indian authorities. Kasuri said that the terrorist attack would not halt his trip to India, as he "will be leaving tomorrow for Delhi to further the peace process." He went on to say that "we should hasten the peace process."[26] In response to the terrorist attack, President Pervez Musharraf stated "such wanton acts of terrorism will only serve to further strengthen our resolve to attain the mutually desired objective of sustainable peace between the two countries."[26] Musharraf also said that there must be a full Indian investigation of the attack.[4] In regards to the upcoming peace talks, he stated "we will not allow elements which want to sabotage the ongoing peace process to succeed in their nefarious designs."[8]

Elsewhere

We express our deepest sorrow for this tragedy and extend condolences to the families of the victims. We appreciate the leadership of Indian Prime Minister (Manmohan) Singh and Pakistani President (Pervez) Musharraf, and condemn those who seek to undermine the progress in relations between the two countries.[30][31]

Tension

On 23 February, a Pakistani Air Force C-130 plane landed, upon being granted approval, in New Delhi to evacuate Pakistanis injured in the train bombing. Of the ten people to be evacuated, three were missing, all from the same family. Pakistan's Foreign Office spokesperson, Tasneem Aslam, claimed that the father, Rana Shaukat Ali, was harassed by Indian intelligence agency personnel at the Safdarjung Hospital. Aslam also said that Pakistan High Commission officials were denied entrance into the hospital. An Indian External Affairs Ministry spokesperson, Navtej Sarna, denied these allegations and stated that the patients would be taken to the airport. Sarna told the press that Ali's family was not missing, and that hospital doctors had decided not to allow Pakistani officials access into the hospital.[32] He also stated that the C-130 plane had developed a problem and could not take off. Later, Aslam told press correspondents that the "[C-130] aircraft was still at the airport" and that Mr. Ali chosen to travel back to Pakistan via a land route.[33] Despite the tensions between the two countries' External Affairs ministries, the C-130 aircraft took off from New Delhi at around 21:00 local time.[32] After the incident, Ali criticised the media, who asked him for "stories for their publications at a time when I am not in my senses because of the death of my five children."[34] He also stated that Indian officials showed him sketches of suspects, but he could not identify them.[34]

Investigation

The day after the bombing, Indian police stated that the suitcase bomb attack was the work of at least four or five people with a possible militant connection.[35] The police also released sketches of two suspects who the police Inspector General said had left the train just fifteen minutes before the explosions.[35] The police say that one of the men was around 35 or 36 years old, "plumpish" and dark, with a moustache, and the second was around 26 or 27, wearing a scarf wrapped around his head. The police also stated that both men were speaking Hindi.[36] Another man, a Pakistani national who was drunk at the time, was being questioned because he said he threw one of the bomb-containing suitcases off the train. A senior Haryana state railway police official said that the man's "account has been inconsistent and we have no definite conclusions yet."[37] Later, the Inspector General said "the suitcase was thrown on the track" and that the Pakistani national "was there and said he had thrown it."[35]

In early March, Haryana police arrested two people from the city of Indore who allegedly sold the suitcases used in the bombing.[38] No charges were pressed on the individuals. A probe conducted by the commissioner of Railway Safety officially determined that the explosions and fire on the Samjhauta Express had been caused by bombs located in the upper compartments in coaches GS 03431 and GS 14857.[39] The probe also showed that the train slowed down to a speed of 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) just before it was going to pass the Diwana train station. The results strengthened the belief that the suspects got off the train before the explosions.[40] On 31 March, a 25-year-old man was interrogated after being arrested in Amritsar after jumping off a moving train under suspicious circumstances.[41]

Later developments

No major developments took place in the investigation since late March 2007. Meanwhile, the Indian and Pakistan governments agreed to a bilateral pact to extend passenger train and freight services between the two countries until 2010.[42] In late April, the Indian and Pakistan governments initiated steps for safety and security measures for the Samjhauta Express. The two countries started sharing information on passengers travelling on the trains. The train is now under a reservation system, and as one Railway Ministry source said, "[w]ith no unreserved coaches, we now have complete passenger details from their ticket reservation data a few hours prior to their boarding, and departure of the train."[43] Also in late April, three new coaches equipped with India's most advanced fire fighting systems were added to the Samjhauta Express. Indian Railway Ministry sources commented that the system acts with brake pressure, and this glass-encased system could throw water up to 15 metres (49 ft).[44] Indian and Pakistani members of the Anti-Terror Mechanism (ATM) group met on 22 October 2007 to update each other regarding the status of the investigation.[45]

In November 2008, it was reported that Indian officials suspected the attacks were linked to Lt. Col. Prasad Shrikant Purohit, an Indian army officer also alleged member of Hindu nationalist group Abhinav Bharat.[46] Purohit himself claimed that he had "infiltrated" the Abhinav Bharat and he was only doing his job.[47] During an army's Court of Inquiry as many as 59 witnesses stated to the court that Purohit was doing his job (of gathering intelligence inputs) by infiltrating extremist organizations.[48] Officers have testified that he was doing what he was asked to do as a military intelligence man.[48]

Investigators concluded that the suitcases used to make the suitcase bombs originated from Indore in India, based on their stitching.[49] Indian officials said they were prepared to share their findings with Pakistan.[50]

In January 2010, Pakistan Interior Minister Rehman Malik accused India of not pursuing the case seriously, and of refusing to divulge details about the role of Lieutenant Colonel Shrikant Purohit.[51] Malik alleged that Purohit had hired Pakistani extremists to carry out the bombing.[51] In October 2010, an 806-page chargesheet prepared by the Rajasthan anti-terrorist squad revealed that the Samjhauta Express had been discussed as a potential target for an attack at a meeting of Hindutva bomb makers in February 2006; the group subsequently travelled to Indore.[52]

On 30 December 2010, National Investigation Agency claimed that they have solid evidence that Swami Aseemanand was the mastermind behind the blasts. He had roped in Sandeep Dange, an engineering graduate, and Ramji Kalsangra, an electrician, to build the improvised explosive devices used in the blasts.[53] On 8 January 2011, Aseemanand confessed that Saffron terror outfits were behind the bombing of Samjhauta express,[54] a statement later found to be obtained under duress.[55] Later RSS sent a legal notice to CBI accusing it for deliberately leaking Swami Aseemanand's confession in media. RSS spokesman Ram Madavh called the investigation maligning of organisations and individuals.[56] [57] However, in late March 2011, Aseemanand came out and stated: "I have been pressurised mentally and physically by the investigating agencies to confess that I was behind these blasts."[58] Aseemanand was charged on 20 June 2011 for planning the blast.[59] In November 2011, Indian High Courts issued a stay notice to the National Intelligence Agency on the point that Aseemanand was tortured and coerced in prison and on the allegations that the investigation agency itself was biased by its association to the United Progressive Alliance government[60] In early 2012, commentators started questioning the "Hindu" angle to the terror attacks, noting both the existence of an equally plausible "Muslim" angle[61] and the near impossibility of proving any claims[62]

Many initial reports suggested that the prime suspects in the bombing were the Islamic groups Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, both of whom have been blamed for many high-profile bombings in the past.[63] On 1 July 2009, the United States Treasury and UNSC placed sanctions on Lashkar-e-Toiba, and named Arif Qasmani as having played a role in the bombing.[64] In 2009, Qasmani was hit with a travel ban and an asset freeze by the 1267 committee of the United Nations Security Council[65] Qasmani, as of 2011, was still the United States' main suspect in the Samjhauta bombing.[66][67][68]

On 12 February 2012, the National Investigation Agency of India arrested a suspect identified as Kamal Chouhan, former RSS worker from the Indore district in the state of Madhya Pradesh and conducted intense questioning. According to sources, Chouhan had a possible role in planting the bomb in the train. Chouhan is believed to be a close aide of Ramji Kalsangra and Sandeep Dange, two key Indian suspects in the case on whom the agency has announced a cash reward of ₹ 1 million for information of their whereabouts.[69][70] The National Investigation Agency is likely to file a fresh chargesheet in a next couple of days which will name Kamal Chauhan and Amit Chauhan as the two alleged bombers who along with Lokesh Sharma and Rajendra Pehalwan allegedly planted the four suitcase bombs in the train.[71]

In April 2016, Director General of NIA requested the United States government to provide information on LeT Key financier Arif Qasmani. The US charge sheet in 2009 accused Qasmani of funding the blasts.[72] Later, in April 2016, NIA declared that there is no evidence of Lt Col Purohit's involvement in the bombing.[73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Amrita Basu 2015.
  2. ↑ FBI team in India, NIA to seek info on LeT’s Samjhauta link Hindustan Times - May 13, 2016
  3. ↑ Lashkar-e-Toiba carried out deadly 2007 Samjhauta Express blasts: NIA to submit this US intel report in court Zee NEws - May 23, 2016
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Dozens dead in India train blast". BBC News. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  5. 1 2 Naqvi, Muneeza (19 February 2007). "66 Die in India-Pakistan Train Attack". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  6. 1 2 Rao, Hitender (19 February 2007). "66 killed as Samjhauta Express becomes terror target". Hindustan Times. India. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  7. ↑ "Toll reaches to 68 in Samjhauta Express explosions". Islamic Republic News Agency. 20 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rajesh, Y. P. (19 February 2007). "At least 66 killed in India-Pakistan train blast". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  9. ↑ The Mirror Explodes – Outlook – 19 July 2010
  10. ↑ US review finds five warnings of Headley’s militant links DNA India – 8 November 2010
  11. ↑ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-sanctions-pak-lashkar-man-cites-his-samjhauta-blast-link/484480/
  12. ↑ Raju, Radhavinod. "Samjhauta Express Blast Vs Mumbai Terror Attacks". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Retrieved 25 February 2013. The case was under investigation with the Haryana police who could not make any headway after their probe led to a tailor in Indore who had prepared the cover of the suitcase in which the bombs were planted. After over three years, the probe was handed over to the National Investigation Agency in the middle of 2010 by the Central government. At that time, there were reports that the Hindu right-wing groups that were involved in the Malegaon and Ajmer blasts were also involved in the Samjhauta Express blast. The Americans had in the meanwhile, in early 2009, identified a Pakistani, Asif Kasmani, of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, as involved in the Samjhauta Express blast, and moved the UN to declare him as an international terrorist. Americans generally do not make such claims easily. Did they have some clue, or evidence that the Indian investigators missed? The investigators had therefore to move carefully and look at unimpeachable evidence to come to any conclusion about the actual perpetrators.
  13. 1 2 "Kashmir: The origins of the dispute". BBC. 16 January 2002. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  14. ↑ Wirsing, Robert (2003). Kashmir in the Shadow of War: Regional Rivalries in a Nuclear Age. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. p. 4. ISBN 0-7656-1090-6.
  15. ↑ "Thousands protest civilian deaths in Indian Kashmir". Reuters. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  16. ↑ Kapur, S. Paul (2007). Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-8047-5550-7.
  17. ↑ "Samjhauta only between Attari and Wagah". United News of India. 16 April 2000. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  18. ↑ Bhardwaj, P. K. (19 December 2003). "Samjhauta Express from December 25?". The Hindu. India. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  19. 1 2 "Terror on agenda: Kasuri arrives, visits Samjhauta blast victims". The Times of India. India. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  20. 1 2 Sengupta, Somini (19 February 2007). "Train bombing tests India-Pakistan ties". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  21. ↑ Pandey, Alok; Rati R; Sushmit Sengupta & Vikram Chowdhury (19 February 2007). "Cross border tragedy: Samjhauta Express blasts kill 66". NDTV. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  22. ↑ Swami, Praveen (19 February 2007). "Samjhauta Express firebombed, 67 killed". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  23. ↑ "India offers visas after train attack". Press Trust of India. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  24. ↑ Varadarajan, Siddharth (19 February 2007). "Keep the peace process on track". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  25. ↑ "BJP seeks anti-terror bill in budget session". The Times of India. India. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  26. 1 2 "Musharraf says train blasts won't sabotage peace". Reuters. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  27. ↑ "68 killed as blasts rock Indo-Pak special train". Press Trust of India. 20 February 2007. Archived from the original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  28. ↑ Page, Jeremy; Devika Bhat (19 February 2007). "India and Pakistan unite to condemn train bombing". The Times. London. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  29. ↑ "British Government condemns bomb attack on India–Pakistan train". Pakistan Press International. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  30. ↑ "White House condemns those behind India train bombing". Reuters. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  31. ↑ "US condemns attack on Samjhauta Express". Press Trust of India. Chennai, India. 20 February 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  32. 1 2 Baruah, Amit (23 February 2007). "Pakistani plane waits for hours". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  33. ↑ Baruah, Amit (24 February 2007). "Train attack probe: plea to Pakistan". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  34. 1 2 "Adieu to Pakistani brethren". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 February 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  35. 1 2 3 Denyer, Simon (20 February 2007). "Police release sketches of bomb suspects". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  36. ↑ "Images Of Bomb Suspects". Sky News. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
  37. ↑ "Indian police release sketches of 2 suspects in bombing of India-Pakistan train". USA Today. Associated Press. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
  38. ↑ "Two held over Indian train blast". BBC News. 14 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  39. ↑ "Samjhauta Express fire caused by bombs: Railway probe". Press Trust of India. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  40. ↑ "Samjhauta Express slowed down before blasts". Press Trust of India. 28 March 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  41. ↑ "Man interrogated in Samjhauta Express bomb blast case". The Indian Express. India. 13 March 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  42. ↑ "India, Pak to continue running Samjhauta, Thar Express trains". Press Trust of India. Chennai, India. 9 April 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  43. ↑ "Safety measures initiated for Samjhauta Express". Press Trust of India. 28 April 2007. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  44. ↑ Vasuki, K. G. (25 April 2007). "Coaches with fire fighting system for Samjhauta Express". United News of India. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
  45. ↑ Dikshit, Sandeep (22 October 2007). "India to seek data on terror suspects". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  46. ↑ Agencies. "Purohit supplied RDX for Samjhauta bomb: ATS". Express India. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  47. ↑ "I infiltrated Abhinav Bharat: Purohit". Hindustan Times. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  48. 1 2 "Lt Colonel Purohit: Did the Army sell short an effective officer?". NDTV.com. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013. One by one, 59 witnesses, all from the Army, have told a Court of Inquiry - step one of Army's legal process- why they believe Lieutenant Colonel Prasad Purohit was just doing his job by fraternising with right-wing extremists. ..Officers have testified that Lieutenant Colonel Purohit had, in the course of his duties, infiltrated organisations like the Students Islamic Movement of India or SIMI. This is exactly what he had been ordered to do as a military intelligence man.
  49. ↑ "Police reach Mumbai to quiz Purohit,Sadhvi Pragya". The Hindu. Mumbai/Lucknow, India. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
  50. ↑ Subramanian, Nirupama (25 November 2008). "India may share Samjhauta probe details with Pakistan". The Hindu. India. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
  51. 1 2 "Pak blames India for not providing details about Samjhauta Express bomb blast". oneindia. 23 January 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  52. ↑ "A blast and a conspiracy". The Indian Express. India. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  53. ↑ "Direct hand of Aseemanand in Samjhauta blasts: NIA". Hindustan Times. India. 30 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  54. ↑ Vishwa Mohan; Abantika Ghosh (8 January 2011). "Aseemanand owns up to strike on Mecca Masjid". Times of India. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  55. ↑ Swami Aseemanand 'confessed' under duress Times of India – 10 January 2011
  56. ↑ Iyer, Shekhar (8 January 2011). "Indresh lawyers issue notice to CBI for statement 'leak'". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  57. ↑ "Swami Aseemanand, as I know him – Rediff.com India News". Rediff.com. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  58. ↑ SAMJAUTA BLAST PROBE: MESSIER & MESSIER South Asia Analysis Group – 2 April 2011
  59. ↑ Pradhan, Bibhudatta (20 June 2011). "India Charges Hindu Activists for Deadly Bombing of Pakistan Peace Train". Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  60. ↑ HC notice to NIA on Aseemanand petition Times of India – 29 November 2010
  61. ↑ "No Open and Shut Cases of Hindu terror" Rediff – 9 February 2012
  62. ↑ Agencies worried ‘Hindu terror’ tough to prove Daily Pioneer – 30 January 2012
  63. ↑ "Leaders condemn India train blast". BBC News. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2009. Retrieved on 19 February 2007
  64. ↑ "Treasury Targets Al Qaida and Lashkar-E Tayyiba Networks in Pakistan". US Treasury. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  65. ↑ U.N. sanction on Lashkar operative a blow to Pakistan The Hindu – 4 July 2009
  66. ↑ Curious case of Qasmani, who US,UN named in bombing Indian Express – 9 January 2011
  67. ↑ LeT trying to acquire weapons of mass destruction with help from Qaida Times of India – 11 May 2011
  68. ↑ Foreign Policy: Next, Let's Get Bin Laden's Financiers National Public Radio – 12 May 2011
  69. ↑ "Samjhauta express blast: Kamal Chouhan arrested for alleged role". Times of India. India. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  70. ↑ "India arrests key suspect in Samjhauta Express blast". Express Tribune. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  71. ↑ "NIA to name Samjhauta bombers". 8 August 2012.
  72. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/samjhauta-express-blasts-nia-probes-lashkar-link-seeks-us-help/article8481122.ece?utm_source=email&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=Newsletter
  73. ↑ No involvement of Abhinav Bharat

Bibliography

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